INTRODUCTION TO

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

Dr. C. RAMESH BABU DURAI

TOPICS
1. Impact of DSP
2. Analog vs. digital: why, what & how
3. Digital system example
4. Sampling & aliasing
5. ADCs: performance & choice
6. Digital data formats

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Digital vs Analog
Digital Signal Processing
Advantages

Limitations

Often easier system upgrade.

A/D & signal processors speed:

wide-band signals still difficult to
treat (real-time systems).

Data easily stored.

Finite word-length effect.

Better control over accuracy

requirements.

Obsolescence (analog
electronics has it, too!).

More flexible.

Reproducibility.

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Impact of DSP on Modern Living

Cellular/mobile telephony
Speech and channel coding
Voice and data processing
Power management
Multipath equaliztion

Automotive
Digital Audio
Digital Radio
Personal communication
systems
Active suspension

Digital audio
Stereo and surround sound
Audio equalization and
mixing
Electronic music
Medical electronics
Critical/intensive care
monitors
Digital X-rays
ECG analyzers
Cardiac monitors
Medical imaging

Personal computer
Sound cards
Data storage and retrieval
Error correction/concealment
Multimedia
Modems

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Analog & digital signals

Analog

Digital
Discrete function Vk of
discrete sampling variable tk,
with k = integer: Vk = V(tk).

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.2

Voltage [V]

Voltage [V]

Continuous function V of
continuous variable t (time,
space etc) : V(t).

0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2

0.1
0
ts ts

-0.1
-0.2

4
6
time [ms]

10

2
4
6
8
sampling time, tk [ms]

Uniform (periodic) sampling.

Sampling frequency fS = 1/ tS

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10

DSP: aim & tools

Applications

Predicting a systems output.

Implementing a certain processing task.
Studying a certain signal.

General purpose processors (GPP), -controllers.

Hardware

Software

Digital Signal Processors (DSP).

Fast

Programmable logic ( PLD, FPGA ).

Faster

real-time
DSPing

Programming languages: Pascal, C / C++ ...

High level languages: Matlab, Mathcad, Mathematica
Dedicated tools (ex: filter design s/w packages).

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Digital system example

General scheme

ms
V

Sometimes steps missing

ms
A

(ex: economics);

- D/A + filter
(ex: digital output wanted).

Antialiasing

A
k
V

ms

A/D

Digital
Processing

Digital
Processing
D/A

Filter

Reconstruction
ms

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ANALOG
DOMAIN

Topics of this
lecture.

A/D

DIGITAL
DOMAIN

- Filter + A/D

Filter
Filter
Antialiasing

ANALOG
DOMAIN

Digital system implementation

ANALOG INPUT

Antialiasing
Filter

A/D
Digital
Processing
DIGITAL OUTPUT

KEY DECISION POINTS:

Analysis bandwidth, Dynamic range

Pass / stop bands.

Sampling rate.

No. of bits. Parameters.

Digital format.
What to use for processing?
See slide DSPing aim & tools

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Sampling

How fast must we sample * a continuous

signal to preserve its info content?
Ex: train wheels in a movie.
25 frames (=samples) per second.
Train starts

wheels go clockwise.

Train accelerates

wheels go counter-clockwise.

Why?
Frequency misidentification due to low sampling frequency.

* Sampling: independent variable (ex: time) continuous

discrete.

Quantisation: dependent variable (ex: voltage) continuous discrete.

Here well talk about uniform sampling.

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Sampling - 2

1.2
1

__

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2

s(t) = sin(2f0t)
s(t) @ fS

f0 = 1 Hz, fS = 3 Hz

tt

-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8

__

s1(t) = sin(8f0t)

__

s2(t) = sin(14f0t)

-1
-1.2
-1.2

s(t) @ fS represents exactly all sine-waves sk(t) defined by:

sk (t) = sin( 2 (f0 + k fS) t ) , k

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The sampling theorem

1
Theo*

A signal s(t) with maximum frequency fMAX can be

recovered if sampled at frequency fS > 2 fMAX .

* Multiple proposers: Whittaker(s), Nyquist, Shannon, Kotelnikov.

Naming gets
confusing !

Nyquist frequency (rate) fN = 2 fMAX or fMAX or fS,MIN or fS,MIN/2

Example
s(t) 3 cos(50 t) 10 sin(300 t) cos(100 t)

F1

F2

F1=25 Hz, F2 = 150 Hz, F3 = 50 Hz

Condition on fS?

F3
fS > 300 Hz

fMAX
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Frequency domain (hints)

Time & frequency:

frequency two complementary signal descriptions.
Signals seen as projected onto time or frequency domains.
Example
Ear + brain act as frequency analyser: audio spectrum
split into many narrow bands
low-power sounds
detected out of loud background.

Bandwidth:
Bandwidth indicates rate of change of a signal.
High bandwidth
signal changes fast.

Warning: formal description makes use

of negative frequencies !
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Sampling low-pass signals

Continuous spectrum

(a)

(a) Band-limited signal:

frequencies in [-B, B] (fMAX = B).

-B

(b)

Discrete spectrum
No aliasing

(b) Time sampling

frequency

repetition.
fS > 2 B

-B

B fS/2

Discrete spectrum
Aliasing & corruption

(c)

fS/2

no aliasing.

(c) fS
f

2B

aliasing !

Aliasing: signal ambiguity

in frequency domain

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Antialiasing filter

1
(a)

(a),(b) Out-of-band noise can aliase

Signal of interest

Out of band
noise

Out of band
noise

-B

(b)

into band of interest. Filter it before!

(c) Antialiasing filter

Passband: depends on bandwidth of
interest.

Attenuation AMIN : depends on

(c)

-B
f

ADC resolution ( number of bits N).

B fS/2

AMIN, dB ~ 6.02 N + 1.76

Antialiasing
filter

Passband
frequency

Out-of-band noise magnitude.

Other parameters: ripple, stopband
frequency...

-B

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Under-sampling (hints)

Using spectral replications to reduce

sampling frequency fS reqments.

0
f

2 fC B
2 fC B
fS
m 1
m

Bandpass signal
centered on fC

fC

, selected so that fS > 2B

Example
fC = 20 MHz, B = 5MHz
Without under-sampling fS > 40 MHz.
With under-sampling fS = 22.5 MHz (m=1);
= 17.5 MHz (m=2); = 11.66 MHz (m=3).

-fS
f

fS

2fS

fC

Advantages
Slower ADCs / electronics
needed.
Simpler antialiasing filters.

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Over-sampling (hints)

Oversampling : sampling at frequencies fS >> 2 fMAX .

Over-sampling & averaging may improve ADC resolution

(

i.e. SNR, see

fOS = 4 fS
w

2 )

fOS = over-sampling frequency,

w = additional bits required.

Each additional bit implies over-sampling by a factor of four.

It works for:

Caveat

- white noise with amplitude sufficient to change the input

signal randomly from sample to sample by at least LSB.
- Input that can take all values between two ADC bits.

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