Evaporators

G.P MANDI ADAMPUR , HISAR

Copyright 2014 Given to Diploma in food Technology

What is Evaporators ?
EVAPORATION PROCESS:-Evaporation is a heating

process in which water is removed from the liquid

substance. The goal of evaporation is to vaporize
most of the water from a solution which contains the
desired product. Evaporators are widely used in the
food processing industry to remove a portion of the
water from food products. This reduces bulk and
weight for subsequent processing, increases solids
content (as for jams and molasses), helps in
preservation of the product, provides convenience to
the end consumer and concentrates color or flavor.

EXAMPLE OF EVAPORATION PROCESS

What is evaporators
Evaporators: - An evaporator is a device used
to turn the liquid form of a chemical into its
gaseous form. The liquid is evaporated, or
vaporized, into a gas. Many types of
evaporators and many variations in processing
techniques have been developed to various
products.

Internal view of Evaporators PROCESS

MULTIPLE EFFECT EVAPORATION

The single effect evaporation use steam to supply
heat to liquid and provide latent heat of
vapourisation. This vapors then taken to a
condenser where the latent heat is given up to the
cooling water, which commonly then goes to waste.
In multiple effects evaporation two evaporators are
joined together with piping arrangement so that the
calandria of the first effect is heated by steam: the
vapor from the first effects used to heat the calandria
of second effect. The vapor from the second effect is
then taken to a condenser in the ordinary way.

Types Of Evaporators
The more common types of evaporators
include:1. Batch pan Evaporators.
2. Forced circulation.
3. Natural circulation.
4. Rising film tubular.
5. Falling film tubular.
6. Rising/falling film tubular.

Batch pan Evaporators

The batch pan evaporator is one of the simplest and oldest
types of evaporators used in food industry. Now-a-days it is
outdated technology, but it still used in a few limited applications,
such as the concentration of jams and jellies where whole fruit is
present and in processing some pharmaceutical products. Up
until the early 1960's, batch pan also enjoyed wide use in the
concentration of corn syrups. In batch pan evaporator the
product is heated in a steam jacketed spherical vessel. The
heating vessel may be open to the atmosphere or connected to
the condenser and vacuum. The heat transfer area per unit
volume is in batch pan evaporator is small. Thus, the residence
time normally is many hours. Therefore, it is essential to boil at
low temperatures and high vacuum when a heat sensitive or
thermo degradable product is involved.

Diagram of Batch pan Evaporators

Natural Circulation evaporators

In Natural Circulation evaporators, short vertical tubes,

typically 1-2 m long and 50-100 mm in diameter, are

arranged inside the tubes, and the product is
concentrated. The concentrated liquid falls back to the
base of the vessel through a central annular section. A
shell-and-tube heat exchanger can be provided
outside the main evaporation vessel to preheat the
liquid feed. The most common application for this type
of unit is as a reboiler at the base of a distillation
column.

Example of Natural Circulation Evaporators

Forced Circulation Evaporator

The forced circulation evaporator was developed for
processing liquors which are susceptible to scaling or
crystallizing.
Here the liquor is circulated by means of a pump and as
it is under pressure in the tubes, the boiling point is
elevated and no boiling takes place. As the liquor leaves
the tubes and enters the body of the evaporator, there is
a drop in pressure and vapor flashes off from the
superheated liquor.
As the liquid enters the separator where the absolute
pressure is slightly less than in the tube bundle, the
liquid flashes to form a vapor

The temperature difference across the heating surface

in the heat exchanger is usually 3-50 c.
1)These evaporators are mainly used for thermo labile
materials.
2)These can also be used in practice for the
concentration of insulin and liver extracts

Advantages

1)These have an great advantage over natural

circulation evaporators in that the rapid liquid
movement improves heat transfer, especially with
viscous liquids or materials that deposit solids or foam
readily.
2)The equipment is suitable for operation under
reduced pressure due to the capacity of the process to
overcome the effect of greater viscosity of liquids.
3)These evaporators possess rapid evaporation rate.
4. Both capital and operating costs of these evaporators
are very low compared to other.

Example of Forced Circulation Evaporator

Rising-film Evaporators
These are considered to be the first 'modern'
evaporator used in the industry, the rising film unit
dates back to the early 1900's. The rising film
principle was developed commercially by using a
vertical tube heated from the outside with steam.
Liquid on the inside of the tube is brought to a boil,
with the vapor generated forming a core in the
center of the tube. As the fluid moves up the tube,
more vapors are formed resulting in a higher
central core velocity those forces the remaining
liquid to the tube wall.

Example of Rising-film Evaporators

Falling-Film Evaporators
The falling-film evaporators has a thin liquid film moving
downward under gravity on the inside of the vertical tubes.
The design of such evaporators is complicated by the fact
that distribution of liquid in a uniform film flowing downward in
a tube is more difficult to obtain than an upward-flow system
such as in a rising- film evaporator. This is accomplished by
the use of specially designed distribution or spray nozzles.
The falling-film evaporators allow a greater number of effects
then the rising-film evaporator. The falling-film evaporator can
handle more viscous liquids than the rising film type. This
type of evaporators is best suited for highly heat sensitive
products such as orange juice

Falling-Film Evaporators

Rising/Falling Evaporator
In the rising/falling evaporator, the product is
concentrated by circulation through a rising-film
section followed by a falling-film section of the
evaporator. The product is first concentrated as it
ascends through a rising tube section, followed by
preconcentrated product descending through a
falling-film section, there it attains its final
concentration.

Example of Rising/Falling Evaporator