Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Class 1: Angles
Class 2: Parallel lines and angles
Class 3: Quadrilaterals and types of triangles.
Class 4: Congruent triangles.
Class 5: Theorems 1- 4
Class 6: Theorems 5 & 6
Class 7: Theorem 7 and the three deductions.(Two classes is advised)
Class 8: Theorem 8
Class 9: Theorem 9
Class 10: Theorem 10
Angles
An angle is formed when two lines meet. The size of the angle measures
the amount of space between the lines. In the diagram the lines ba and bc
are called the arms of the angle, and the point b at which they meet is
called the vertex of the angle. An angle is denoted by the symbol .An
angle can be named in one of the three ways:
Angle
Amount of space
1. Three letters
.
a
.
c
2. A number
.
a
.
c
3. A capital letter
.
c
Measuring angles
Right angle
A quarter of a revolution is called a right angle.
Therefore a right angle is 90.
We use the symbol
Straight angle
A half a revolution or two right angles makes
a straight angle.
A straight angle is 180.
Angles at a point
Angles at a point add up to 360.
B
A+ B + C + D + E = 360
C
D
Pairs of lines:
Intersecting
Consider the lines L and K :
L
K
L intersects K at p
written : L K = {p}
Parallel lines
L is parallel to K
Written: L
Perpendicular
L
L is perpendicular to K
Written: L K
The symbol
is placed where two lines meet to show that they are
perpendicular
2. Corresponding Angles
The diagram below shows a line L and four other parallel lines intersecting
it.
are also
.
Remember: When a third line intersects two parallel lines the
corresponding angles are equal.
3. Alternate angles
The diagram shows a line L intersecting two
parallel lines A and B.
The highlighted angles are between the parallel
lines and on alternate sides of the line L. These
shaded angles are called alternate angles and are
equal in size. Remember the Z shape.
Quadrilaterals
a + b + c + d = 360
(This is because a quadrilateral can be divided up
into two triangles.)
Parallelogram
1. Opposite sides are parallel
..
..
Rhombus
1. Opposite sides are parallel
..
4. Diagonals bisect each other
..
.. .
. ..
Rectangle
1. Opposite sides are parallel
Square
1. Opposite sides are parallel
5. Diagonals intersect at
right angles
..
..
..
..
Types of Triangles
Isosceles Triangle
Equilateral Triangle
.
3 equal sides
3 equal angles
Scalene triangle
3 unequal sides
3 unequal angles
2 sides equal
Base angles are equal
a = b
(base angles are the angles
opposite equal sides)
Congruent triangles
Congruent means identical. Two triangles are said to be congruent if they have
equal lengths of sides, equal angles, and equal areas. If placed on top of each other
they would cover each other exactly.
a
abc
xyz
Case 1
SSS
Three sides
Case 2
SAS
(side, angle, side)
Case 3
ASA
(angle, side, angle)
Case 4
RHS
(Right angle, hypotenuse, side)
1 2
To prove :
1=2
Proof: 1+3=180
Straight angle
2+3=180
Straight angle
Given:
4
a
3
To Prove:
1+2+3=180
Proof: 1=4
and
2=5
Alternate angles
1+2+3=4+5+3
But 4+5+3=180
1+2+3=180
Straight
angle
Q.E.D.
Theorem: An exterior angle of a triangle equals the sum of the two interior opposite
angles in measure.
a
1
b
Given:
3
c
A triangle with interior opposite angles 1 and 2 and the exterior angle 3.
To prove:
1+ 2= 3
Construction:
Label angle 4
Proof:
1+ 2+ 4=180
3+ 4=180
1+ 2+ 4= 3+ 4
1+ 2= 3
Q.E.D.
b
Given:
To prove:
Construction:
Proof:
abd
acd
Corresponding angles
1 = 2
Q.E.D.
Parallelogram abcd
Given:
ab = dc , ad = bc
abc = adc, bad = bcd
Construction: Join a to c. Label angles 1,2,3 and 4.
Consider
abc and
adc :
Proof:
1= 2 and 3= 4
To prove:
ac = ac
abc
adc
ab = dc and ad = bc
And abc = adc
Similarly, bad = bcd
Alternate angles
common
ASA
Corresponding sides
Corresponding angles
Q.E.D.
b
Given:
To prove:
Proof:
c
Parallelogram abcd with diagonal [ac].
Area of abc = area of adc.
Consider
area
abc and
ab = dc
ad = bc
ac = ac
abc
abc = area
adc:
Opposite sides
Opposite sides
Common
SSS
adc
adc
Q.E.D.
Theorem: The measure of the angle at the centre of the circle is twice the measure
of the angle at the circumference, standing on the same arc.
a
2 4
15
c
b
d
1 = 2 2
Similarly, 5 = 2 4
1+ 5 = 2 2 + 2 4
1 + 5 = 2(2 + 4)
Q.E.D.
i.e.
boc = 2 bac
Deduction 1: All angles at the circumference on the same arc are equal in
measure.
d
a
.
o
c
b
To prove:
bac = bdc
Proof:
3 = 2 1
3 = 2 2
2 1 = 2 2
1 = 2
i.e. bac = bdc
Q.E.D.
To prove:
bac = 90
Proof:
2 = 2 1
But 2 = 180
2 1 = 180
1 = 90
i.e. bac = 90
.
o
Q.E.D.
4o
3
2
c
To prove:
Proof:
3 + 4 = 2 1 + 2 2
Angles at a point
But
3 + 4 = 360
2 1 + 2 2 = 360
i.e. bad + bcd = 180
1 + 2 = 180
Q.E.D.
Theorem: A line through the centre of a circle perpendicular to a chord bisects the
chord.
1 d
2
Given:
To prove:
ad = bd
cda
cdb
ad = bd
Given
Both radii
common
RHS
Corresponding sides
Q.E.D.
Theorem: If two triangles are equiangular, the lengths of the corresponding sides are in
proportion.
Two triangles with equal angles.
Given :
|ab|
|de|
To prove:
|ac|
|df|
|bc|
|ef|
Construction:
Proof:
1 = 4
[xy] is parallel to [bc]
x 4
5 y
e 1
3 f
|ab|
|ax|
b 1
3 c
|ab|
|de|
|ac|
|ay|
|ac|
|df|
As xy is parallel to bc.
Similarly =
|bc|
|ef|
Q.E.D.
Proof:
b
a 2
But 5 = 90 => 3+ 4 = 90
c
c
=> 3+ 2 = 90 Since 2 = 4
Now 1+ 2+ 3 = 180 Straight line
c
c
=> 1 = 180 - ( 3+ 2 )
=> 1 = 180 - ( 90 ) Since 3+ 2 already
proved to be 90
=> 1 = 90
Q.E.D.