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Definitions
A solution: a mixture of two or more components that form
a homogeneous single phase, down to the motecular level.
Solution= solvent+ solute as molecule(as sucrose in
water) or ions (as sodium chloride in water) throughout the
solvent.
Dissolution: the transfer of molecules or ions from a solid
state into solution.
Saturated solution: is one in which the solution is in
equilibrium with excess undissolved solid at a definite
temperature.
Definitions
Unsaturated or subsaturated: is one containing be
dissolved solute in a concentration below that
necessary for complete saturation at a definite
temperature.
Supersaturated solution: is one that contains more of
dissolved solute than it would normally contain at a
definite temperature where the undissolved solute
present.
Definitions
Some salts such as sodium thiosulfate- and sodium acetate
can be dissolved in large amounts at an elevated
temperature and upon cooling, fail to crystallize from the
solution.
These solutions are meta stable and can be converted to a
soluble saturated solution (deposit their excess of solute) by:
Definitions
Solubility is the concentration of solute in a saturated solution at
a certain temperature.
Solubility is important to the pharmacist because it helps him to:
Solubility Expression
1- Quantitative terms:
Molar Solution: This is the number of moles of solute
contained in 1 liter of solution. Thus, solutions of equal
molarity contain the same number of solute molecules
in a given volume of solution. (unit: mol.L-1)
Molal Solution: The number of moles of solute dissolved
in 1000 gm of solvent.
Molal solution does not depend on temperature while
molar solution being dependent on temperature.
Solubility Expression
Mole Fraction:
Solubility Expression
Percent volume/volume: % (v/v)
The number of milliliters of solutes per 100 milliliters of
solution.
** if unit is not stated: if solid in liquid means w/v %
if liquid in liquid means v/v %
Solubility Expression
Example:
The solubility of a drug in water is 41.5 gm per 1000 ml
of solution at 18 C. The density of the solution was
1.0375 and the mol. Wt of the drug is 151.9 gm.
1- Express the solubility of the drug in terms of molarity,
molality and % by weight.
2- Calculate the mole fraction and mole percent of both
components of the solution.
Solubility Expression
2- Qualitative terms:
Dissolution Process
Dissolution Process
Solvents may act as:
1- Polar solvents:
The process of solution of
ionic salt in water involves
separation of the cations
and anions of the salt with
attendant orientation of
molecules of water around
the ions.
Dissolution Process
Salvation is the orientation of solvent molecules
around the ions of the solute= hydration if the
solvent is water.
Salvation is possible only when the solvent is
highly polar where the dipoles of the solvent are
attracted to and held by the ions of the solute.
The solvent must also possess the ability to keep
the solvated, charged ions apart with a minimum
requirement of energy.
Dissolution Process
Mechanisms of salvation:
1- Formation of dipoles with which to overcome
the attractions between ions of an ionic salt.
2- Breakage of a covalent bond to produce an ionic
compound.
3- Formation of association complexes with a
solute (hydrogen bond formation).
Dissolution Process
2- Non polar Solvents:
Non polar liquids are incapable of dissolving polar
compounds.
In general they can only dissolve other non polar
substances in which the bonds between molecules
are weak.
The forces involved are usualiy of the induced
dipole-induced dipole type.
Dissolution Process
3- Semi-polar Solvents:
E.g.: Alcohols and ketones
Can induce certain degree of polarity in non polar solvent molecules.
benzene which is readily polarizable, becomes soluble in alcohol.
Alcohol molecule induces in the benzene molecule a temporary
dipole, which forms an association complex with the alcohol
molecules.
A binding force of this kind is referred to as a permanent dipoleinduced dipole force.
Semi polar compounds may as well act as intermediate solvents to
bring about miscibility of polar and non polar liquids.
Accordingly, acetone increases the solubility of ether in water.
* deviation may occur due to formation of a soluble complex between the two salts
thus solubility would be increased;
Kw
SO
PH = pKw pKb + log
S SO
Ka
Stotal K s (1
)
[H ]
S SO
PH PK a Log
SO
Problems:
1- what must be the pH an aqueous solution be in order to maintain in solution 10
mg/ml of a weakly acidic drug;
Mol.Wt = 200, Ka = 10-5 and Ks = 0.001 M/L
PH PK a Log
pH = 5 + log (0.05 0.001) / 0.001 = 6.69
S SO
SO
pKb = 5.59
pH pK w pK b log
So
S So
S SO
PH PK a Log
SO
DA(C1 C 2 )
L
K = C A / CB
* Note that if the solute exists as monomer in solvent A and as a dimmer in solvent B,
The partition coefficient would equal;
K = CA / (CB)1/2
K = CA / CB(1 a)
a)
X
100
K 8
x
100
(5 x )
z
100
x
50 (1 z )