Key Concepts

Stress (TEGASAN)
measure of internal loads
ukuran untuk beban dalaman
Strain (TERIKAN)
measure of deformation
ukuran untuk perubahan bentuk
Stress

AXIALMEMBERS:
AverageNormalStress(DirectNormalStress):

RequirementsforAverageNormalStress,=P/A:
1. Memberstartsoutstraightandremainsstraightafterloading
2. Homogenous,isotropic

MEMBER
(ANGGOTA)

Apabila suatu anggota dikenakan

beban luaran (P), beban ini akan
dipindahkan ke dalam anggota
tersebut.
FA dan FB

Stress

Definition of Stress

Force
Stress
Area
(sigma) = P/A
Stress

Units of Stress
Stress has units of pressure which is
a unit of force divided by unit of area.
U.S. Customary System of Units (USCS)
stress is expressed in pounds per square inch (psi)
or kilopounds (kips) per square inch (ksi)
1 kilopound 1000 pounds
Stress

Units of Stress
International System SI or metric system
unit of force is a newtom N
unit of length is a meter m

unit of area is a square meter m

stress is expressed as N 2
m
this is called a pascal Pa

Stress

Units of Stress
N
1 2 1 Pa
m
N
3 N
1000 2 10
1 kPa kilopascal
2
m
m
N
6 N
1,000,000 2 10
1 MPa megapascal
2
m
m
N
9 N
1,000,000,000 2 10
1 GPa gigapascal
2
m
m
Stress

Units of Stress
-4

1 Pa = 1.450 x 10 psi
1 kPa = 0.1450 psi
1 MPa = 145.0 psi

1 psi = 6.895 kPA

1 ksi = 6.895 MPa
1000000 psi = 1 Gpa

1000 ksi = 6.895 Gpa

1 GPa = 1.45 x 10 psi

1 psf = 47.88 Pa

1 Pa = 0.02089 psf

Civil engineers often use pounds per square foot

as a unit of stress (pressure). 1 psi = 144 psf
Stress

ExampleNormalStress:

IfP=20kN
andA=20mm2

=?

EXAMPLE
10 kN

10 kN

10 mm x 10 mm x 1000 mm

10 kN

PINTERNAL

EXAMPLE
STRESS () = P/A
= 10 kN/100 mm2
= 0.1 kN/mm2
= ______ Pa ?

QUESTION
10 kN
2

Area = 10 mm x 10 mm
= 100 mm2

FIND THE STRESSES IN SECTION AB, BC

AND CD IF THE CROSS SECTIONAL AREA
OF THE MEMBER IS UNIFORM = 35 mm2

Normal Strain

= /L

Strain

STRAIN
STRAIN = ELONGATION/ORIGINAL LENGTH

(epsilon) = (delta)/L
= length/length
= UNITLESS

Strain
IF original length (L) is 100 mm and elongation is 5 mm
THEN

STRAIN = 5 mm/ 100mm

= 0.05

Strain

P
stress
A

normal strain
L

2P P

2A A

A
2

2L L

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
STRESS AND STRAIN
From Hookes Law:

P

E AE

Stress-Strain Test

Stress-Strain Diagram: Ductile

Materials

Stress-Strain Diagram: Ductile

Materials

Stress-Strain Diagram: Ductile

Materials

Slope = sigma/epsilon
Slope = Young Modulus (E

YOUNG MODULUS

YOUNG MODULUS =
SLOPE = STRESS/STRAIN

STRESS

E = /

STRAIN

Stress-Strain Diagram: Brittle

Materials

Hookes Law: Modulus of

Elasticity
Below the yield stress
E
E Youngs Modulus or
Modulus of Elasticity
Strength is affected by alloying,
heat treating, and manufacturing
process but stiffness (Modulus
of Elasticity) is not.

Elastic vs. Plastic Behavior

If the strain disappears when
the stress is removed, the
material is said to behave
elastically.
The largest stress for which
this occurs is called the
elastic limit.
When the strain does not
return to zero after the
stress is removed, the
material is said to behave
plastically.

Deformations Under Axial Loading

From Hookes Law:

P
E

E AE
From the definition of strain:

L
Equating and solving for the deformation,
PL

AE
With variations in loading, cross-section
or material properties,
PL
i i
i Ai Ei