Electricity 101

Electrical
Engineering
Fundamentals
1260 MW BIN QASIM
For Non Engineering

MANAGERS,
By:
Aijaz Ali
03/11/15
North Karachi Grid Station
Course Outline
Section 1: Fundamentals of Electricity
& Basic Circuits
Section 2: Generators & Transformers
Section 3: Power Distribution
03/11/15
Electrical Engineering
Fundamentals for Non-EMs
Introduction
My name is
AJAZ ALI
AIJAZ ALI
EJAZ ALI
03/11/15
Introduce Yourself
Where are you from?
What experience do you have in
electricity?
What is something interesting about
yourself?
What do you want to learn in this
class?
03/11/15
Lecture Flow
Electric Circuit
Current, Voltage and Resistance
Conductor and Insulator
Series and Parallel Circuit
Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction
Generators and Transformers
Power Distribution Systems
03/11/15
Scientific Notation
Prefix
Symbol
tera
giga
mega
kilo
basic unit
milli
micro
nano
pico
T
G
M
k
03/11/15
Decimal
1,000,000,000,000
Power of Ten
1012
109
106
103
1,000,000,000
1,000,000
1,000
1
n
p
.001
.000001
.000000001
.000000000001
103
106
109
1012
7
ANIMATION
Power of ten[1].swf
03/11/15
What is an electric
circuit ?
Science electricity.wmv
9
03/11/15
Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EMs
Valve
Water Tank B
Upper Tank
Water Tank A
03/11/15
Lower Tank
Pump
10
ANIMATION
WaterAnalogy[1].swf
03/11/15
11
Electrical Circuits
12
03/11/15
Correspond
03/11/15
13
Electrical Circuits
Electrical Circuit: a complete path for
current to flow.
The four required parts of an electrical
circuit are
Source or battery
Conductor or Complete path
Load or resistance
Control device
05_short_circt[1].swf
Definitions
Source provides the electric energy to
the circuit.
Conductor the path for the electric
energy.
Load Utilizes the current to perform a
useful purpose
Control Device A device used to control
the flow of electricity.
cck-dc_1.jar
15
03/11/15
What is an Electric
Current?
03/11/15
16
Atomic Theory
All the matter around you is made of atoms, and all
atoms are made of 3 basic particles, protons and
neutrons which reside in the nucleus, and electrons
which orbit the nucleus.
Furthermore, all protons are exactly the same, all
neutrons are exactly the same, and all electrons
are exactly the same.
Protons and neutrons have almost exactly the
same mass. Electrons have a mass that is about
1/1835 the mass of a proton.
03/11/15
17
Atomic Structure
There are 2 types of electric charge,
positive (+) and negative (-).
Positive charge is defined as that found on
protons,
Negative charge is that found on electrons.
Neutrons are not charged at all.
03/11/15
18
The Atom
Atom Parts:
E
PN E
NP
E
Electrons: Negative part of an atom.

Protons: Positive part of an atom.
Neutrons: Negative part of an atom.
03/11/15
19
ANIMATION
Structure of atom
031_struct_atom[1].swf
1 hydrogen.swf
2 copper.swf
03/11/15
20
The Atom
Example: Lithium atom
Nucleus
3 protons
2 electrons
1
electron
Recall that the
elementary picture
of the atom is that
of a nucleus with
protons (positive
charge), neutrons
(neutral) and
electrons (negative
charge) orbiting the
nucleus.
In a neutral atom,
the number of
electrons is equal to
the number of
protons.
3 protons (+) = 3 electrons

FYI: Lithium is the
lightest of all
(-)
metals; does not
Neutral atom
03/11/15
Fundamentals for Non-EMs occur free in nature;
21
3 protons (+) = 3 electrons

(-)
Nucleus
3 protons
2 electrons
3 protons (+) < 4 electrons

(-)
-ly Charged
Atom
03/11/15
1
electron
Neutral
Atom
3 protons (+)>2 electrons

(-)
Nucleus
Nucleus
3 protons
3 protons
2 electrons
2 electrons
2
electron
0
electron
+ly Charged
Atom
22
e-
Add 1 electron
Atom
becomes
negatively
charged
2 electrons
2
electrons
3
protons
e-
Remove 1
electron
Atom becomes
positively
charged
2
electrons
3 protons
+
Negatively charge atom
Positively charge atom
3 protons(+)
electrons(-)
3 protons (+)
(-)
Electric charge: An absence or excess of

electrons
/ 2 electrons
ANIMATION
3 current.swf
03/11/15
24
What is an Electric Current?

Electric Current (I): is the flow of electrons in a conductor,
measured in amperes or amps (A) by Ammeter.
Electromotive Force (emf) (E): the force applied in order to

achieve the flow of electrons (V) measured in volts by Voltmeter.
03/11/15
25
Measuring Current
Current is a FLOW
To measure a flow it must go through the
device so ammeters are connected in series.
03/11/15
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
FUNDAMENTALS FOR NON EMs
26
Measuring Voltage
Voltage is a potential DIFFERENCE.
You must have a value at two locations to measure
a difference, so voltmeters are connected in parallel.
03/11/15
27
RESISTANCE
Resistance (R):
Definition: The property of a material (or conductor)

to oppose the flow of current is known as
resistance.
An electrical circuits opposition to current flow, measured in

ohms ()
Symbol for Resistance: R

R = . L/A
Where, = Resistivity of the Conductor, L=Length of the

Conductor and A=Area of Cross section of the Conductor.
Unit for Resistance: Ohms or s.
Measured by Ohmmeter
resistance-in-a-wire.swf
03/11/15
28
What is a conductor?
Conductor: a material which offers little
resistance to current flow

Examples:
Aluminum
Copper
Silver
Most
03/11/15
Metals
29
What is an insulator?
Insulator: a material which offers high
resistance to current flow,

Examples:
Wood
Plastics
Ceramics
Rubber
03/11/15
30
Types of Current?
DC Current
AC Current
AC / DC
Alternating Current
Direct Current
Direct Current
Alternating Current
When a current is constant with time, we
say that we have direct current,
abbreviated as dc.
On the other hand, a current that varies
with time, reversing direction periodically,
is called alternating current, abbreviated
as ac.
Ohms Law
Ohms Law: current in a circuit is
directly proportional to the applied

voltage and inversely proportional to the
circuit resistance
Mathematical Statement
of the Ohms Law:
I = V/R
OHMS LAW.swf
03/11/15
V
I R
34
Watts Law
Electrical Power
Electrical power is the product of voltage and
current. It is denoted by P and measured in watt by
wattmeter.
P
V I
03/11/15
35
Ohms Law
V IR
P IV
PI R
2
03/11/15
36FOR NON EMs
ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS
Energy
Electrical Energy
Electrical energy is the product of power and time. It is
denoted by W and measured in Watt-hours by Energy
meter. The commercial unit is Kilo-watt-hours denoted
as KWH. It is a known as one unit of electricity.
Electric Bill Calculator.xlsm
03/11/15
W
P t
37
Ohms Law and Watts Law

Formula Wheel
I2R
VI V/R
V /R
P/R
V/I
IR
PR
V2/P
FormulaWheelElectronics_gif.mht
03/11/15
P/V
P/I
P/I
38
ANIMATION
06_commn_typs_cir.swf
07_resis_comb.swf
08 resistors_series.swf
09 resistors_parallel .swf
10 resist_combination-1.swf
11 resist_combination-2.swf
03/11/15
40
Magnetism
03/11/15
41
03/11/15
42
Electromagnetism
Any current-carrying wire has a circulating magnetic
field around it:
43
03/11/15
Magnetic Forces due to Electric

Current Loop
Current in a loop causes magnetic forces just like a magnet
current
S
N
Current Loop
03/11/15
Bar Magnet
44
Induced Current
03/11/15
45
Induced current (voltage) is produced

by a changing of magnetic field.
1_elecmag_induc[1].swf
03/11/15
46
Faradays Law of
Induction
Faraday showed that if the number of
magnetic field lines (magnetic flux) passing
through a loop of wire changed for any
reason, a current was produced in this loop.
01 farad_exp_laws_emi[1].swf
03/11/15
47
GENARATION OF ALTERNATING CURRENT
ac_gen[1].swf
alternatormovie.avi
faraday.jar
04 buildturbine2[1].swf
03/11/15
48
Induced Current
The next part of the story is that a changing magnetic
field produces an electric current in a loop

surrounding the field
called electromagnetic induction, or Faradays Law
02 self_ind_mut_ind[1].swf
03/11/15
49
TRANSFORMERS
A device that transfers energy by electromagnetic
induction
Primary and secondary windings (insulated from
each other electrically) are mounted on opposite
sides of a ferromagnetic core
Used to raise voltage (step-up transformer) or lower
voltage (step-down transformer)
Voltage is raised when the primary winding has fewer
turns than the secondary winding, and voltage is
lowered when the primary winding has more turns
than the secondary winding
transformer[1].swf
03/11/15
50
A Simple Transformer
PRIMARY
WINDING
SECONDARY
WINDING
CORE
51
03/11/15
Transformers
03 electmag_ind_act[1].swf
03/11/15
52
Typical Transformers
03/11/15
53
Map of KESC licensed Area
03/11/15
58
An Analogy Power System vs Human

Body
LDC::Brain
Generation :: Heart
USER
Sub-Transmission :: Sub-Arteries
Distribution ::
Capillaries
Transmission :: Main Arteries
KESC EHT NETWORK
Karachi Electric Supply Company
18 KV Generation
Generation
03/11/15
62
National Grid System
03/11/15
63
Advantages
Provide multiple paths between various
generation sources and loads
Provide for power transfers from one
geographic area to another to achieve
overall system operating economics
Interconnect the bulk power facilities of
individual power station/utilities so that
they can better withstand major
disturbances
03/11/15
64
Advantages
Other advantages:
Stability
Load
sharing
Continuity
of service
Maintenance,
breakdown
Economy
Cheap
03/11/15
& efficient
65
National Load Dispatch Centre

(NLDC)
Located in Islamabad
Objectives:
Grid
system requires a grid

controller/operator system.
In order to ensure the supply of energy is
safe and reliable.
03/11/15
66
Transmission
To ensure the adequacy and reliability
of supply that are fundamental needs of
modern society.
Provides the link between electricity
suppliers (KESC Generators and IPPs)
and electricity consumers.
03/11/15
67
Transmission System
Lines/transformers operating at
voltages above 100 kV are usually
called the transmission system.
Consists of Transmission Line and Substations
Transmission network of 500kV and
220kV known as National Grid.
03/11/15
68
Transmission Line
Transmission Line
Overhead
Lines
Cable
Underground
Cables
Oil filled cables
XLPE cables
Grid stations
03/11/15
69
Transmission Line
Components
Components
Tower
support structure
Cross-arms
Conductors
Insulators
Earth-wires
03/11/15
70
Transmission tower
Waist-Type
Tower
03/11/15
Double Circuit
Tower
71
Transmission Tower
03/11/15
72
Insulators
03/11/15
73
Grid station
Size of Grid station
Depends
on transformer size
Typical sizes
132kV;
2 x 30MVA, 3 x 40MVA,
220kV; 2 x 180MVA, 2 x 250MVA
Types of Grid station

Conventional
Require
GIS
outdoor
bigger space
(gas insulated switchgear)
Less
space
Outdoor or indoor
03/11/15
74
Outdoor Grid station
03/11/15
75
GIS
03/11/15
76
Grid station Components
Transformer
Circuit Breaker / Switch Gear
Isolator Switches
Busbar
Protection Relay & Control
Equipment
03/11/15
77
BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO
Power Transformer
03/11/15
78
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF POWER

TRANSFORMER
03/11/15
79
INSULATORS
CORE
WINDING 2
WINDING 1
INSULATION
INSULATION
03/11/15
MAIN
TANK
80
Circuit Breaker
03/11/15
81
Power Distribution Systems

Power Distribution Systems Consist of:
Feeders
Over head HT / LT Lines & under ground cables
Sub-stations
Pole mounted Transformers (PMT)
Capacitor Banks
Circuit Breakers
OCBs, Oil Circuit Breakers
Air Circuit Breakers
Fuses
03/11/15
82
Distribution Sub-station
Distribution Substations (11kV)
Indoor substation
Pole mounted substation
Compact substation
Transformer capacity
100kVA, 250kVA, 500kVA,
750kVA and 1000kVA
03/11/15
83
General Distribution
Sub-station
03/11/15
84
Distribution
Circuit Breaker
03/11/15
85
Sub-station
03/11/15
86
Indoor Sub-station
03/11/15
87
Pole-Mounted Transformer
03/11/15
88
THANK YOU

Electricity 101

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Electrical

1260 MW BIN QASIM

For Non Engineering

North Karachi Grid Station

Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EMs

Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EMs

Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EMs

Electrons: Negative part of an atom.

Recall that the

3 protons (+) = 3 electrons

3 protons (+) = 3 electrons

3 protons (+) < 4 electrons

3 protons (+)>2 electrons

Negatively charge atom

Positively charge atom

Electric charge: An absence or excess of

What is an Electric Current?

Electromotive Force (emf) (E): the force applied in order to

Definition: The property of a material (or conductor)

An electrical circuits opposition to current flow, measured in

Symbol for Resistance: R

Where, = Resistivity of the Conductor, L=Length of the

Unit for Resistance: Ohms or s.

resistance to current flow

resistance to current flow,

directly proportional to the applied

of the Ohms Law:

Ohms Law and Watts Law

Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EMs

Magnetic Forces due to Electric

Induced current (voltage) is produced

GENARATION OF ALTERNATING CURRENT

field produces an electric current in a loop

Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EMs

Map of KESC licensed Area

An Analogy Power System vs Human

Transmission :: Main Arteries

KESC EHT NETWORK

Karachi Electric Supply Company

National Grid System

National Load Dispatch Centre

system requires a grid

Types of Grid station

(gas insulated switchgear)

Outdoor Grid station

Grid station Components

INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF POWER

Power Distribution Systems

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