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Gear Pump
External Gear
Pump
Internal Gear
Pump
Operation principle
Operation principle
1. As the gears come out of mesh, they create
expanding volume on the inlet side of the
pump. Liquid flows into the cavity and is
trapped by the gear teeth as they rotate.
2. Liquid travels around the interior of the
casing in the pockets between the teeth and
the casing, it does not pass between the
gears.
3. Finally, the meshing of the gears forces liquid
through the outlet port under pressure.
Performance
Max. Capacity:
to 190 GPM (45 M3/Hr)
Max. Pressure:
to 2,500 PSI (170 BAR)
Viscosity Range:
28 to 1,000,000 SSU (1 to 250,000 cSt)
Temperature Range:
-40F to +450F (-40C to +230C)
Advantages
High speed
High pressure
No overhung bearing loads
Relatively quiet operation
Design accommodates wide variety of
materials
Disadvantages
No solids allowed
Fixed end clearances
Application
Operation Principle
Operation Principle
1. Liquid enters the suction port between the rotor
(large exterior gear) and idler (small interior gear)
teeth. The arrows indicate the direction of the pump
and liquid.
2. Liquid travels through the pump between the teeth of
the gear-within-a-gear principle. The crescent
shape divides the liquid and acts as a seal between
the suction and discharge ports.
3. The pump head is now nearly flooded, just prior to
forcing the liquid out of the discharge port.
Intermeshing gears of the idler and rotor form locked
pockets for the liquid which assures volume control.
4. Rotor and idler teeth mesh completely to form a seal
equidistant from the discharge and suction ports.
This seal forces the liquid out of the discharge port.
Performance
Max. Capacity:
to 1,600 GPM (365 M/Hr)
Max. Pressure:
to 250 PSI (17 BAR)
Viscosity Range:
28 to 2,000,000 SSU (1 to 440,000 cSt)
Temperature Range:
-120F to +800F (-85C to +430C)
Advantages
Disadvantages
Applications
API 676
Positive Displacement Pump Rotary
Scope
This standard covers the minimum
requirements for rotary positive
displacement process pumps and pump
units for use in the petroleum,
petrochemical, and gas industry services.
Controlled-volume pumps, hydraulically
driven pumps and positive displacement
reciprocating pumps are not included.
Basic Design
Designed for a minimum service life of 20 years and
at least three years of uninterrupted operation.
Designed for flammable or hazardous services.
the equipments maximum speed is not less than
105 % of the rated speed for adjustable speed
machines and shall be equal to the rated speed for
constant speed motor drives.
Motors, electrical components, and electrical
installations shall meet the requirements of the
applicable sections of IEC 60079, or NFPA 70, API
500, and NEC as specified.
Basic Design
Bolting
Internal-socket-type, slotted-nut or
spanner-type bolting shall not be used.
Metric fine and UNF threads shall not be
used.
Basic Design
Pressure-containing and Pressure-retaining Parts
The allowable tensile stress used in the design shall
not exceed 0.25 times the minimum ultimate tensile
strength or 0.67 times the minimum yield strength
for the material
A corrosion allowance of at least 3 mm
The purchaser shall install a pressure-limiting valve
(PLV) for each positive displacement pump.
Casing connections
Provision shall be made for complete
venting (unless it is self-venting) and
draining of the pump and systems provided
by the vendor.
All pumps shall be provided with vent and
drain connections, except that vent
connections may be omitted if the pump is
made self-venting by the arrangement of
the nozzles.
Flanges
Cast iron flanges shall be flat-faced.
ISO 7005-2 (cast iron) flanges PN 20 and PN
50 are designed to be interchangeable with
ASME B16.1 (gray cast iron) and B16.42
(ductile cast iron) but they are not identical.
The vendor shall provide mating flanges,
studs and nuts for non-standard connections.
Studs or bolt holes shall straddle center lines
parallel to the main axes of the equipment.
Lubrication
Based on the specified operating
conditions and an ambient temperature of
43 C (110 F), oil outlet temperature
below 70 C (160 F) and bearing metal
temperatures less than 93 C (200 F).
The bearing-oil temperature rise shall not
exceed 28 K (50 R).
Materials
the materials of construction of the pressurecontaining casing shall be carbon steel as a
minimum.
copper or copper alloys shall not be used for parts
which are in contact with process fluids.
Nickel-copper alloy (UNS NW 4400 or UNS N04400),
bearing Babbitt, and copper-containing precipitationhardened stainless steels are excluded from this
requirement.
Basic Design
Minor parts such as nuts, springs,
washers, gaskets, and keys shall have
corrosion resistance at least equal to that
of specified parts in the same
environment.
Steel made to a coarse austenitic grain
size practice (such as ASTM A515) shall
not be used.
Accessories
Drivers
Couplings and Guards
Belt driver
Baseplate
Drivers
The driver's starting-torque capabilities shall exceed
the speed-torque requirements of the driven
equipment by a minimum of 10 %.
The supporting feet of drivers with a weight greater
than 250 kg (550 lb) shall be provided with vertical
jackscrews.
The motor rating shall be at least 110 % of the
greatest power required.
The motor's starting torque shall be reach to rated
speed at a voltage of 80 % of the nominal voltage.
Drivers
Steam turbine drivers shall be sized to
deliver continuously not less than 110 % of
the maximum power requirement.
Gear units integral with motor drivers are
acceptable only if the driver nameplate
rating is 18 kW (25 hp) or less. These
integral gear units shall conform to AGMA
6091.
Belt Drives
Belt drives shall only be used for equipment of 37
kW (50 hp) or less.
The vendor shall provide a positive belt-tensioning
device.
distance between the centers of the sheaves shall
be at least 1.5 times the diameter of the larger
sheave.
The belt wrap (contact) angle on the smaller sheave
shall be at least 140
Baseplates
A baseplate with a nominal length of more than 12 m
(40 ft) or a nominal width of more than 4 m (12 ft) may
have to be fabricated in multiple sections.
If a piece of equipment has a mass in excess of 250 kg
(550 lb), the baseplate shall be supplied with horizontal
(axial and lateral) jackscrews, the same size or larger
than the vertical jackscrews.
Baseplates
The baseplate shall be provided with lifting lugs for
at least a four-point lift.
Lifting lugs shall be designed using a maximum
allowable stress of one-third of the specified
minimum yield strength of the material.
Connections for a drain shall be tapped DN 50 (NPS
2) minimum in the raised lip at the pump end and
shall be located for complete drainage.
Inspection
The vendor shall keep the data available
for at least 20 years.
Pressure-containing parts shall not be
painted until the specified inspection and
testing of the parts is complete.
All running tests and mechanical checks
shall be completed prior to the purchasers
final inspection.
Hydrostatic Testing
All pressure casing components shall be tested
hydrostatically with liquid at a minimum of 1.5 times
the MACP, but not less than a gauge pressure of
150 kPa (1.5 bar) (20 psi).
The chloride content of liquids used to test austenitic
stainless steel materials shall not exceed 50 ppm
(ppm by mass).
The hydrostatic test shall be considered at least 30
minutes and at a minimum gauge pressure of 10
bars.
Performance Test
The manufacturer shall operate the pump
in their shop for sufficient period to obtain
complete test data, including speed,
discharge pressure, suction pressure,
power, and capacity.
The pump is to be operated at variable
speeds, the pump shall be tested at
speeds within five percentage points of 30,
60, 90, and 100 of the rated speed.