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FERTILIZATION
What is fertilization ??
The union or fusion of oocyte or egg
(female gamete) with the sperm (male
gamete) to form a zygote.
Fertilization is a process, not a single
even, that begins when a sperm cell first
contact with the plasma membrane of
the egg and ends with the intermingling
of maternal and paternal chromosomes
at the metaphase plate prior to the first
cleavage division.
Structure of Gamet
Acrosomal Reaction
Acrosomal Process
Blocks To Polyspermy
Fast block to polyspermy involves egg plasma
membrane action potential, prevents additional sperm
from entering
The slow block to polyspermy involves the cortical
reaction
Calcium ion entry causes fusion of large cortical
granules with plasma membrane that release
digestive enzymes
The acellular vitelline membrane (not a plasma
membrane but extracellular matrix) lifts away from
the plasma membrane due to the digestive activity
and local increase in ionic strength from the cortical
granule contents
Forms a fertilization envelope that hardens
In mammals, the zona pellucida sperm receptors
are modified to prevent further entry of sperm
Egg Activation
The activation of all eggs appears to depend on an
increase in the concentration of free calcium ions
within the egg. Such an increase can occur in two
ways: calcium ions can enter the egg from outside,
or calcium ions can be released from the
endoplasmic reticulum within the egg.
Both mechanisms are used to different degrees in
different species. In snails and worms, much of the
calcium probably enters the egg from outside, while
in fishes, frogs, sea urchins, and mammals, most of
the calcium ions probably come from the
endoplasmic reticulum.
In both cases, a wave of calcium ions sweeps across
the egg, beginning at the site of sperm-egg fusion
Mammalian Fertilization
Capacitation
The sperm plasma membrane undergoes
changes in lipid composition and other
alteration that will facilitate fertilization
Reorganization the cytockeleton at the
sperm tip
Removal of coating factors that mask
egg binding site at the sperm surface
Fertilization
The first step in development of a new
individual is fertilization
The chemoattraction of the sperm to the egg by
soluble molecules secreted by the egg
The exocytosis of the acrosomal vesicle to release its
enzymes
The binding of the sperm to the extracellular
envelope (vitelline layer or zona pellucida) of the egg
The passing of the sperm through this extracellular
envelope
Fusion of egg and sperm cell plasma membranes