HEAT TRANSFER

AND
CIRCULATION SYSTEM
Presented by

V.VASANTH KUMAR

What is heat transfer

Heat transfer can be defined as transmission of energy
from one region to another region due to temperature
difference.

In Boiler heat energy is released from the combustion of

fossil fuels and heat is transferred to different fluids in
system and part of its lost or left out as unutilized.

As a result, there is a essential to study modes of heat

transfer in boiler.

HEAT TRANSFER MODES IN

BOILER

CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER

The heat transfer from one part of a body to another

part of a same body or one body to another in physical
contact without appreciable displacement of particles of a
body.

The heat flow rate q can be expressed as ,

q = KS ( t1 - t2 ) / l
Where , K = Thermal conductivity
K.cal/m^2/hr/deg.cel
S = Heat surface in m^2
t1 t2 = Temperature diff. C
l = Length or thickness of a plate m

CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER

The heat transfer from one to another with in a
fluid ( gas or liquid ) by the mixing of one part
with another due to movement of fluids.
The heat flow rate q can be expressed as
Qc = Uc S t
Where Qc = Heat flow by convection in
k.cal / hr
Uc = Convection film conductance in
k.cal / M^2 / hr / c
t= Temperature difference in C.

FREE CONVECTION

A fluid at rest, If heated at one point the

temperature that location raises and
causes density difference with respect to
other location and this causes movement
of circulation of fluid with in fluid itself
The Equation can be cal. Of free
convection are
Ufc = ( t )^1.3

FORCED CONVECTION

In this heat transfer the flow of fluid is

produced by external force like fan, pump,
stack, change of state., etc..,

Most of heat transfer in boiler is

transferred by this method.

Some of dimensionless number which

are more frequently used in this heat
transfer are Reynolds no, Prandtl no,
Nusselt no, Stanton no.

RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER

Radiation is the transfer of heat energy from one body to another

by electromagnetic waves which can travel even through vacuum.

When radiation impinges on a body, some of radiant energy will be

re radiated, some its will be transmitted through the body and the
reminder will absorbed.

Radiation emitted by black body depends upon its surface area

and temperature. The relation between is given by Stefan bolt man
law.
Q = S T^4
Where
= Stefan bolt man constant
T = Absolute temperature in deg.cel
Q = Heat flow and S = surface area.

HEAT TRANSFER ARRANGEMENT

There are three general kinds of arrangements
of heat transfer surface as relative flow of fluid is
concerned as ,

PARALLEL FLOW

COUNTER FLOW

CROSS FLOW

PARALLEL FLOW

Flow path of two fluids are in same

direction

COUNTER FLOW

Flow path of two fluids will opposite to

each other.

CROSS FLOW
Flow path of two fluids are perpendicular
to each other.

LMTD
Temperature difference between hot and cold fluid
in heat exchanger varies from point to point.
Therefore , based on concept of appropriate mean
temperature difference ,also called as LMTD , the
total heat transfer rate in heat exchanger is
expressed as,

Q = U A(T)m
where U = Overall heat transfer coefficient

A = area in M^2

( T)m= LMTD

LMTD for parallel flow is,

( T)m= [(T1-t1)-(T2-t2)] /
ln [ (T1-t1)/(T2-t2)]
LMTD for counter flow is,
( T)m= [(T1-t2)-(T2-t1)] /
ln [ (T1-t2)/(T2-t1)]
where T1 = entry temp. of hot fluid , T2 = exit temp. of hot fluid
t1 = entry temp. of cold fluid ,t2 = exit temp. of cold fluid

OTHER HEAT TRANSFER

ASPECTS IN BOILER
Effect of lanes
Insulation and heat loss
Convection and radiation superheater rate for
load variation
Effect of exess air on heat transfer in boiler

 Effect of heat transfer due to internal deposit

HEAT TRANSFER IN BOILER

PRESSURE PARTS

CONVECTION

RADIATION
CONVECTION & CONDUCTION

CONVECTION & RADIATION

BOILER TEMPERATURES IN DIFFERENT REGIONS

Primary Air with coal

Sec Air Nozzle

CIRCULATION SYSTEM

Below 175 kg/cm2 is natural

circulation.
Above 175kg/cm2 to 200kg/cm2
is controlled circulation.
Beyond the critical pr.
(225kg/cm2) is combined
circulation.
Circulation ratio = wt of water
steam mixture/ wt of steam
generated.
For utility it is 6 to 9.
For industrial 8 to 30.

19
03/12/15

03/12/15

20

CIRCULATION THEORY
NUCLEATE BOILING :

when the bulk of water reaches saturation

temperature the bubbles do not collapse. This
condition is known as nucleate boiling.

Beyond nucleate boiling region the bubbles coalesce

to form a film of superheated steam over part or all
heating surface. This condition is known as film boiling.

The point , beyond which film boiling occurs in known

as departure from nucleate boiling
(DNB).

 Till the occurrence of DNB, metal temp.is slightly

above the water temperature .
When water starts boiling the metal temperature
is slightly above the saturation temperature .
But DNB Occurs , the metal temperature
increases much higher than the saturation
temperature.

FACTOR AFFECTING
CIRCULATION
Heat input to the water walls
Operating pressures
Disturbance in the system
Pattern of heat heat loading

THANK YOU