BIODIESEL

Ways of obtaining and

importance
Fo o d B i o e n g e e r i n g

Yeungnam University
Carolina Ramrez Mrquez
21430130
Romina Castellanos Rincn

Contents
Introduction
Data
Fuel feedstocks
Production process
Chemical process
Enzymatic process

Applications
Advantages & Disadvantages
Importance

Introduction
Biodiesel

chemically reacting lipids

renewable and clean burning fuel

long-chain alkyl
(methyl, ethyl, or
propyl) esters
Biodiesel is a fuel made
from plant and animal
oils and fats

mono-alkyl ester

Made from vegetable oil such as rapeseed oil

Can be used in conventional diesel engines because

 less toxic pollutants and greenhouse gases than

petroleum diesel

Can be
used

Pure form
(B100)
Blended with
petro-diesel

B2
20%
biodiesel
80%
petrodiesel
B5
5% biodiesel
95%
petrodiesel

Reduce dependance on foreign oil

reserves.
Can be used in any diesel engine.

Data
2005

Global production increased by 75% in Germany,

France, Italy, and Poland and tripling in the United
States.
These countries adopted policies such as mandates
and incentives for biofuels in 20052006.

World
Production of
Biodiesel

Source: IEA analysis based on F.O.Lichts IEA World Energy

Outlook 2006

Biodiesel Production (Thousand Barrels Per

Day)

http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/iedindex3.cfm?tid=79&pid=81&aid=1&cid=CG5,&syid
=2007&eyid=2011&unit=
TBPD

Total Biofuels Consumption (Thousand

Barrels Per Day)

http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/iedindex3.cfm?tid=79&pid=79&aid=2&cid=CG5,&syi
d=2007&eyid=2011&unit=
TBPD

Biodiesel Fuel Feedstocks

Biodiesel fuel is one of the easiest alternative
fuels to use. A variety of oils as biodiesel fuel
feedstocks are used to produce the fuel

The main feedstocks

for biodiesel fuel are:
Virgin Oil

Waste
vegetabl
e oil
(WVO)

Animal
fats

Algae

Oil from
halophyt
es

Virgin oil
Rapeseed and soybean oils
are most commonly used
raw material for biodiesel
fuel.

Many other crops like

mustard, flax, sunflower,
palm oil, coconut, hemp are
good resources of Soybean
oil.

Soybean oil alone

accounts for about
ninety percent of all
biodiesel fuel feedstocks
in the US (It can also be
acquired from field
pennycress and
jatropha)

Waste vegetable oil

(WVO)
The waste vegetable oil (WVO)
discarded from a restaurant is
getting popular as feedstocks for
biodiesel
Many fuel.
supporters propose that
waste vegetable oil is the best
raw material for biodiesel fuel
production.

Animal fats
Tallow, lard, yellow grease, chicken fat, and
the by-products of the production of Omega3 fatty acids from fish oil are increasingly
used as biodiesel fuel feedstocks.

Algae
They are also looked
upon as a good source
of biodiesel feedstocks.

Algae can be grown using

waste materials such as
sewage and without making
use of land used for food
production.

Oil from halophytes

Other feedstocks for
biodiesel fuel are
Halophytes such as
Salicornia bigelovii,
which can be grown
using saltwater in
coastal areas where
conventional crops
cannot be grown.

They produce yields

equal to the yields of
soybeans and other
oilseeds grown using
freshwater irrigation.

Biodiesel Production Process

Chemical process

Enzymatic process

Chemical process

1) Sourcing a suitable
biodiesel oil or fat.
The biodiesel production
process starts with finding
the correct raw materials.
The first of these is an oil or
fat which is atriglyceride.
Old motor oil or mineral oils
are not suitable as the
molecular structure is
different.

2) Homogenizing the oil

Once the oil is back at the
production facility it should
be blended together to form
a homogenous batch. This
is pretty simple to do and
often is done in the
biodiesel processor.

3) Filter the oil

The oil should be filtered to
remove all the big particles.
A 1mm mesh will do just
fine, removing the large
particles removes a source
of water contamination as
well as chips and fish heads
which may get stuck in the
impeller of the pump.
Filtering down to micron
levels is not necessary but
some people do it anyway.

4) Heat the oil

In the biodiesel production
process the oil should be
heated to around 55 C,
going above 60 C is
dangerous as it is close to
methanol's boiling point.

5) Test the oil with a

titration
The oil should betitratedto
test its Free Fatty Acid
content. It is very important
to get this right as adding
too much catalyst will result
in yield loss while adding too
little will result in poorly
converted, substandard fuel.

6) Mix up the methoxide

Methoxide is made by
mixing methanol and
sodium or potassium
hydroxide. The amount of
hydroxide to add is worked
out in your titration
process, we have some
titration worksheetswhich
simplify the process.

7) Add the methoxide to the oil

The methoxide should be added to
the oil slowly so that it is evenly
distributed throughout the batch of
oil.

8) Mix for 1-2 hours

The batch should be mixed for
enough time to allow the
chemical reaction to occur. This is
typically 1-2 hours. Mixing can be
done by circulating the batch with
a pump or by means of a
mechanical mixer. Typically
smaller systems will use a pump
as appropriate chemical mixers
are expensive.

9) Settle
The mixing process is stopped
and the glycerine which used to
be in the oil will separate out of
the biodiesel, falling to the
bottom. Settling takes a few
hours to days, the longer you
settle the glycerine the more
will settle out. In large
commercial processes a
biodiesel centrifuge can be used
to separate the biodiesel and
glycerine and this is then a
quick process. If dry washing
chemicals are used it is
important to get all the
glycerine out.

10) Remove any remaining

methanol.
Raw biodiesel has suspended
methanol in it and if a dry wash
is to be used then it needs to be
removed.

12) Remove the

remaining
soaps/impurities
Raw biodiesel has soaps
and free glycerin in it,
these need to be removed
before it is suitable for an
engine. These can be
removed easily with a
water washor dry wash
process.

13) Final filter

In the last stage of the
biodiesel production
process the finished
biodiesel should be
filtered or polished
through a
biodiesel filter system
before being used in an
engine.

The biodiesel production models are defined

depending on the level of free fatty acids
(FFA) that holds the raw material to be processed.
If they are less than 5% are given a process whose
primary step is called transesterification (later
the details are explained); if they are greater than
5% in addition to the transesterification process,
require a prior process called esterification of free
fatty acids down to less than 5%.

Esterification:
This process applies only to primary
fats containing high levels of free
fatty acids.
The esterification process used to
remove the free fatty acids to make
the oil at a concentration less than
1%.
Is carried out by adding an acid
(such as sulfuric acid) and methanol
to fat, which makes the fatty acids
are separated, generating a bass
part oil into free fatty acids and
other chemical water.

Transesterification:
A catalyst is usually used to provide
the speed and increase the reaction
yield. Because the reaction is
reversible, an excess of alcohol is
used to alter the chemical
equilibrium to the product side.

Enzymatic process
Md. Mahabubur Rahman Talukder
and coworkers at A * STAR
Institute of Chemical Sciences
and Engineering have developed
a biocatalytic process that works
well in all types of oils.

Enzymatic catalysis:
Is one method used for
transesterification and it is the
most efficient mechanism , due
that does not have the problem of
pretreatment because the
catalyst is selective, consumes
less power and it is
environmentally attractive . The
widely studied enzymes for this
process are lipases derived from
microorganisms such as Candida
antarctica, Mucor meihei and
Geotrichum candidum.

Enzymes
1.- Candida rugosa
lipase.
2.- Novozym 435
(Lipozyme CalB).

Hydrolysis:
Usually means the
cleavage of chemical
bonds by the
addition of water.
Esterases:
An esterase is a
hydrolase enzyme
that splits esters into
an acid and an
alcohol in a chemical
reaction with water
called hydrolysis.

Candida rugosa
lipase: This is a lipase
extracted of Candida
rugosa.
Lipase:
Is an enzyme that
catalyzes the hydrolysis
of fats (lipids). Lipases
are subclass of the
esterases.

The production of lipases from different

organisms depends of various environmental
factors such as temperature, pH, composition of
the medium: carbon source, nitrogen, inorganic
salts, percentage of dissolved oxygen, etc. The
perfect conditions of this enzyme are:
temperature of 30 C , neutral pH and aerobic
conditions.

Organism used to overproduce

Candida rugosa lipase: Pichia pastoris
This organism is an
excellent system to
produce a large variety
of recombinant proteins
and in particular is used
for the overproduction of
Candida rugosa lipase.

The yeast P. pastoris is a

unicellular microorganism
easy to manipulate and
cultivate, however, is
also a eukaryote capable
of performing many of
the post-translational
modifications undertaken
by cells.

 After knowing the responsible gen of the production of our enzyme, it is necessary its introduction in a

Expression vector commercial vector of expression.

including our
enzyme of interest

The vector that we previously have made is introduced into a virgin cell DH5.
Introduction in E.
coli DH5

Utilization of the
eukaryotic vector
of subcloning
pPICZ

Selection of the
transformed
strains and its
introduction in P.
pastoris

Spreading of P.
pastoris in BMM
medium

The gene of interest is extracted and a eukaryotic subcloning vector (pPICZ) is used for insertion and
thus, selecting the transformed strains.

The purified plasmid is introduced in P. pastoris and spread in YPD medium. After that, it is spread in a
matrass with antibiotic.

It is necessary to spred the cells in BMM BMM (Bolds Basal Medium) medium in order to choose the
producing strain and calculate the extracellular lipase activity.

After choosing the producing strains, it proceeds to inoculate them in a bioreactor.

Introduction in a
bioreactor

Technique used for the

cultivation of the producing
organisms: Fed-batch culture.
Fed-batch culture is, in the
broadest sense, defined as
an operational technique
in biotechnological
processes where one or
more nutrients
(substrates) are fed
(supplied) to the
bioreactor during
cultivation and in which
the product(s) remain in
the bioreactor until the
end of the run.

Generally speaking, fedbatch culture is superior to

conventional batch culture
when controlling
concentrations of a nutrient
(or nutrients) affect the
yield or productivity of the
desired metabolite.

Enzyme recovery

At the end of the process, it

proceeds to recovery the enzyme
that is used to obtain biodiesel in
the bioreactor.

1.- Separation of the biomass by

centrifugation and washes.
2.- Microfiltration of the
supernatant.
3.- Ultrafiltration of the medium
that is free of biomass.
4.- Lyophilization (is a dehydration
process typically used to preserve
a perishable material or make the
material more convenient for
transport).
5.- Immobilization of the enzyme
on a polypropylene support.

Applications

Power Generation

Transportation
Heat

analysis
of
catalyst
s
Analysis
of row
material

analysis
of the
process
es

Process
of
biodies
el
product
ion

integrat
ed
process
analysis

Valorization

 Produced from

Renewable Resources

Can be Used in

existing Diesel Engines

Less

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Grown, Produced and Distributed Locally

Cleaner Biofuel Refineries

Biodegradable and Non-Toxic
Better Fuel

Economy

Positive Economic Impact

Reduced Foreign Oil Dependance
More Health Benefits

A
D
V
A
N
T
A
G
E

Not
Suitable for
use in Low
Temperatur
es

Use of petrodiesel to produce

biodiesel
Regional Suitability

Variation in
Quality of
Biodiesel
Food Shortage

Monoculture

Clogging in Engine

Water Shortage

Disadvantages
Slight Increase in Nitrogen Oxide Emissions

Fuel Distribution
Increased
use of
Fertilizers

dvantages of BIOcatalysis
Conditions of easy operation

Selective and specific enzymes

Condiciones of biocatalyst

temperature, pH, pressure

Avoids the formation of secondary products

Chemical process

Generates less waste

Recuperation of biocatalyst

Catalyst must be
separated from
the final
product,
therefore,
recovery may be
difficult glycerol

pH, lipase
enzymes are
highly sensitive
to high pH
values
Very expensive,
requires highpriced
equipment like
bioreactors

Disadvant
ages of
biocatalysi
s

 Energy Independence

Importance

Disproportionate impact on the poorest countries.

Smaller Trade Deficit

Save foreign exchange and reduces energy expenditures.
Allow developing countries to put more of their resources into
services for their neediest citizens.

Economic Growth
Creates new markets for agricultural products and stimulate rural
development.

Cleaner Air
Produce fewer emissions of carbon monoxide, particulates, and
toxic chemicals that cause smog.

Less Global Warming

Contain carbon that was taken out of the atmosphere by plants

and trees as they grew.

Thank
you!
November 2014