Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Fundamentals
Tenth Edition
Floyd
Chapter 1
2008 Pearson
Education
2009 Pearson Education,Upper
Saddle River,
NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Class Grades
5 Marks: Assignment
5 Marks: Presentation
5 Marks: Quizzes
5 Marks: Attendance
20 Marks: Midterm exam
50% of grade
70 Final exam
70% of grade
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed
GC M.B.DIN
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Digital Systems
Digital vs. Analog Waveforms
+5
+5
1
1
Time
Time
Digital:
only assumes discrete values
GC M.B.DIN
Analog:
values vary over a broad range
continuously
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Embedded products
in cars, toys, appliances, entertainment devices
Scientific equipment
testing, sensing, reporting
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed
5
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
GC M.B.DIN
Summary
Analog Quantities
Most natural quantities that we see are analog and vary
continuously. Analog systems can generally handle higher
power than digital systems.
Temperature
(F)
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4
A .M .
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Time of day
P.M .
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Analog and Digital Systems
Many systems use a mix of analog and digital electronics to
take advantage of each technology. A typical CD player
accepts digital data from the CD drive and converts it to an
analog signal for amplification.
CD drive
10110011101
Digital data
Digital-to-analog
converter
Analog
reproduction
of music audio
signal
Linear amplifier
Speaker
Sound
waves
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Binary Digits and Logic Levels
Digital electronics uses circuits that have two states, which
are represented by two different voltage levels called HIGH
and LOW. The voltages represent numbers in the binary
system.
VH(max)
HIGH
VH(min)
Invalid
VL(max)
LOW
VL(min)
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Digital Waveforms
Digital waveforms change between the LOW and HIGH
levels. A positive going pulse is one that goes from a
normally LOW logic level to a HIGH level and then back
again. Digital waveforms are made up of a series of pulses.
HIGH
HIGH
Rising or
leading edge
LOW
Falling or
trailing edge
t0
t1
Falling or
leading edge
LOW
Rising or
trailing edge
t0
t1
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Pulse Definitions
Actual pulses are not ideal but are described by the rise time,
fall time, amplitude, and other characteristics.
Overshoot
Ringing
Droop
90%
Amplitude
tW
50%
Pulse width
10%
Ringing
Base line
Undershoot
tr
tf
Rise time
Fall time
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Periodic Pulse Waveforms
Periodic pulse waveforms are composed of pulses that repeats
in a fixed interval called the period. The frequency is the rate
it repeats and is measured in hertz.
1
f
T
1
f
1
1
313 ps
f 3.2 GHz
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Pulse Definitions
In addition to frequency and period, repetitive pulse waveforms
are described by the amplitude (A), pulse width (tW) and duty
cycle. Duty cycle is the ratio of tW to T.
Volts
Amplitude (A)
Pulse
width
(tW)
Time
Period, T
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Timing Diagrams
A timing diagram is used to show the relationship between
two or more digital waveforms,
Clock
A
B
C
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Serial and Parallel Data
Data can be transmitted by either serial transfer or parallel
transfer.
1
Computer
t0
t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
t6
t7
Modem
1
Computer
Printer
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
t0
t1
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Basic Logic Functions
True only if all input conditions
are true.
True only if one or more input
conditions are true.
Indicates the opposite condition.
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Basic System Functions
And, or, and not elements can be combined to form
various logic functions. A few examples are:
The comparison function
Comparator
A> B
Two
binary
numbers
A= B
B
A< B
Adder
A
Two
binary
numbers
B
Carry in
Outputs
Cout
Sum
Carry out
Cin
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Basic System Functions
HIGH
7
4
+/
9
6
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Encoder
Binary code
for 9 used for
storage and/or
computation
Calculator keypad
Binary input
7-segment display
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Basic System Functions
The data selection function
Multiplexer
A
t1
B
Demultiplexer
Data from
A to D
Data from
B to E
Data from
C to F
Data from
A to D
t1
t2
t3
t1
D
t1
E
t2
C
t2
t3
t3
Switching
sequence
control input
Switching
sequence
control input
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Basic System Functions
The counting function
Counter
1
2
3
4
Input pulses
Parallel
output lines
Binary
code
for 1
Binary
code
for 2
Binary
code
for 3
Binary
code
for 4
Binary
code
for 5
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Basic System Functions
One type of storage function is the shift register,
that moves and stores data each time it is clocked.
Serial bits
on input line
0101
010
01
0
0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
1 0 1 0
0 1 0 1
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Integrated Circuits
Cutaway view of DIP (Dual-In-line Pins) chip:
Chip
Plastic
case
Pins
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Integrated Circuits
DIP chips and surface mount chips
Pin 1
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Test and Measurement Instruments
The front panel controls for a general-purpose oscilloscope
can be divided into four major groups.
V E R TIC A L
C H 1
C H 2
H O R IZ O N TA L
T R IG G E R
B O TH
S LO P E
P O S ITI O N
P O S ITI O N
V O L TS / D IV
V O L TS / D IV
+
LEV EL
P O S ITI O N
S E C / D IV
SO URC E
C H 1
C H 2
5V
2 m V
5 V
2 m V
C O U P L IN G
C O U P L IN G
A C -D C -G N D
A C -D C -G N D
5 s
EX T
5 ns
L IN E
T R IG C O U P
DC
D IS P L A Y
PRO BE C O M P
5 V
C H 1
C H 2
AC
E X T TR IG
IN T E N S IT Y
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Test and Measurement Instruments
The logic analyzer can display multiple channels of digital
information or show data in tabular form.
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Test and Measurement Instruments
0.01 V
O FF
V
Hz
V
m V
Ra n g e
A u t o ra n g e
To u c h / H o ld
1 s
1 s
Voltage
Fu se d
Resistance
Current
In digital work, DMMs are useful for checking power
supply voltages, verifying resistors, testing continuity,
and occasionally making other measurements.
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Programmable Logic
Programmable logic devices (PLDs) are an alternative to
fixed function devices. The logic can be programmed for a
specific purpose. In general, they cost less and use less
board space that fixed function devices.
A PAL device is a form of PLD that uses a
combination of a programmable AND array and a
fixed OR array:
Programmable
AND array
Fixed OR
array and
output logic
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
2008 Pearson Education
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
2008 Pearson Education
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
2008 Pearson Education
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
2008 Pearson Education
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
2008 Pearson Education
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
2008 Pearson Education
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
2008 Pearson Education
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
2008 Pearson Education
Answers:
1. a
6. c
2. b
7. d
3. d
8. a
4. b
9. d
5. c
10. b
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved