INTRODUCTORY MATHEMATICAL

ANALYSIS
For Business, Economics,
and the Life and Social Sciences
Chapter 12
Additional Differentiation Topics

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Chapter 12: Additional Differentiation Topics

Chapter Objectives
To develop a differentiation formula for y = ln u.
To develop a differentiation formula for y = eu.
To give a mathematical analysis of the economic
concept of elasticity.
To discuss the notion of a function defined implicitly.
To show how to differentiate a function of the form uv.
To approximate real roots of an equation by using
calculus.
To find higher-order derivatives both directly and
implicitly.

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 12: Additional Differentiation Topics

Chapter Outline
12.1) Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions
12.2) Derivatives of Exponential Functions
12.3) Elasticity of Demand
12.4) Implicit Differentiation
12.5) Logarithmic Differentiation
12.6) Newtons Method
12.7) Higher-Order Derivatives

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 12: Additional Differentiation Topics

12.1 Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions

The derivatives of log functions are:
x/h

d
1
h

ln x ln lim
a.
1

dx
x h 0
x

d
1
ln x where x 0
b.
dx
x
d
1 du
ln u for u 0
c.
dx
u dx

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 12: Additional Differentiation Topics

12.1 Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions

Example 1 Differentiating Functions Involving ln x

a. Differentiate f(x) = 5 ln x.
d
5
for x 0
Solution: f ' x 5 ln x
dx

ln x
b. Differentiate y x 2 .
d 2
2 d
ln x ln x x
x
Solution:
dx
dx
y'
2 2
x
1
(ln x ) 2 x
x
4
x
1 2 ln x

for x 0
3
x
x2

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 12: Additional Differentiation Topics

12.1 Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions

Example 3 Rewriting Logarithmic Functions before Differentiating

a. Find dy/dx if

y ln 2 x 5

dy
1
6

3
for x 5 / 2
2
Solution:
dx
2x 5
2x 5

b. Find f(p) if f p ln p 1 2 p 2 3 p 3 4 .
Solution: f ' p 2

1
1
1
1 3
1 4
1
p 1
p 2
p3
2
3
4

p 1 p 2 p 3

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 12: Additional Differentiation Topics

12.1 Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions

Procedure to Differentiate logbu

ln u
Convert logbu to ln b and then differentiate.
Example 5 Differentiating a Logarithmic Function to the Base 2

Differentiate y = log2x.
dy
d ln x
1
Solution: dx log2 x dx ln 2 ln 2 x

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 12: Additional Differentiation Topics

12.2 Derivatives of Exponential Functions

The derivatives of exponential functions are:

d u
u du
a.
e e
dx
dx

d x
b.
e ex
dx

d u
du
u
c.
b b ln b
dx
dx

d 1
1
1
x 0
d.
f x
for
f
'
f
1
dx
f ' f x

dy
1
e.
dx
dx dy
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 12: Additional Differentiation Topics

12.2 Derivatives of Exponential Functions

Example 1 Differentiating Functions Involving ex

a. Find

d
3e x
dx

Solution:

d
d x
x
3e 3
e 3e x
dx
dx

x
dy
b. If y = e x , find dx .

dy
d x 1 x
x d
e
xx
e x
Solution:
dx
dx
dx
e

c. Find y when y e e ln 3 .
x
x
Solution: y ' 0 e 0 e
2

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 12: Additional Differentiation Topics

12.2 Derivatives of Exponential Functions

Example 3 The Normal-Distribution Density Function

Determine the rate of change of y with respect to x

when x = + .
2
1
21 x /
y f x
e
2x

Solution: The rate of change is

dy
dx

2
1
1
21 x /
2

1
2 2e

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 12: Additional Differentiation Topics

12.2 Derivatives of Exponential Functions

Example 5 Differentiating Different Forms

d 2
e xe 2
Find
dx

Solution:

d 2
e xe 2
dx

ex

e 1

ex

e 1

ln 2

1
ln 2

2 x

2 x ln 2

2 x

Example 6 Differentiating Power Functions Again

Prove d/dx(xa) = axa1.

d a
d a ln x
a
1
a 1
x

x
ax

ax
Solution: dx
dx
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 12: Additional Differentiation Topics

12.3 Elasticity of Demand

Point elasticity of demand is

p
q
dp
dq

where p is price and q is quantity.

Example 1 Finding Point Elasticity of Demand

Determine the point elasticity of the demand equation

k
p
where k 0 and q 0
q

Solution: We have
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

p
q
dp
dq

k
q2

k
q2

Chapter 12: Additional Differentiation Topics

12.4 Implicit Differentiation

Implicit Differentiation Procedure
1. Differentiate both sides.
2. Collect all dy/dx terms on one side and other
terms on the other side.
3. Factor dy/dx terms.
4. Solve for dy/dx.

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 12: Additional Differentiation Topics

12.4 Implicit Differentiation

Example 1 Implicit Differentiation

Find dy/dx by implicit differentiation if y y 3 x 7 .

d
d
3
Solution:
7
yy x
dx
dx
dy
2 dy
3y
1 0
dx
dx
dy
1

dx 1 3 y 2

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 12: Additional Differentiation Topics

12.4 Implicit Differentiation

Example 3 Implicit Differentiation

3
2 2
Find the slope of the curve x y x at (1,2).

Solution:

d 3
d
2 2
x
yx
dx
dx

2 dy
2 dy
3x
2yx
2x
dx
dx

dy 3 x 2 4 xy 4 x 3

dx
2 y x2

dy
dx

1,2

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 12: Additional Differentiation Topics

12.5 Logarithmic Differentiation

Logarithmic Differentiation Procedure
1. Take the natural logarithm of both sides which
gives ln y ln f x .
2. Simplify In (f(x))by using properties of logarithms.
3. Differentiate both sides with respect to x.
4. Solve for dy/dx.
5. Express the answer in terms of x only.

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 12: Additional Differentiation Topics

12.5 Logarithmic Differentiation

Example 1 Logarithmic Differentiation

3

2x 5
Find y if y 2 4 2
.
x x 1

Solution:
ln y ln

2x 5

x2 4 x2 1

ln y ln 2 x 5 ln x 2 4 x 2 1
3

1 1
3 ln 2 x 5 2 ln x 2
2x
4 x 1

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 12: Additional Differentiation Topics

12.5 Logarithmic Differentiation
Example 1 Logarithmic Differentiation

Solution (continued):
y'
1
1 1 1
3(
)(2) 2( ) ( 2 )(2 x )
y
2x 5
x 4 x 1
6
2
x

2 x 5 x 2( x 2 1)
y'

(2 x 5)3
x2 4

6
2
x
2 x 5 x x( x 2 1)
2
x 1

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 12: Additional Differentiation Topics

12.5 Logarithmic Differentiation

Example 3 Relative Rate of Change of a Product

Show that the relative rate of change of a product is

the sum of the relative rates of change of its factors.
Use this result to express the percentage rate of
change in revenue in terms of the percentage rate of
change in price.
Solution: Rate of change of a function r is
r ' p' q '

r
p q
r'
p'
q'
100% 100% 100%
r
p
q
r'
p'
100% 1 100%
r
p
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 12: Additional Differentiation Topics

12.6 Newtons Method

Newtons method:

f xn
x n 1 x n
f ' xn

n 1,2,3,...

Example 1 Approximating a Root by Newtons Method

Approximate the root of x4 4x + 1 = 0 that lies

between 0 and 1. Continue the approximation
procedure until two successive approximations differ
by less than 0.0001.

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 12: Additional Differentiation Topics

12.6 Newtons Method
Example 1 Approximating a Root by Newtons Method

f
x

x
4 x 1, we have
Solution: Letting

f 0 0 0 1 1

f 1 1 4 1 2

Since f (0) is closer to 0, we choose 0 to be our first x1.

f x n x n4 4 x n 1

f ' x n 4 x n3 4

Thus,

f xn
3 x n4 1
x n 1 x n

f ' xn
4 x n3 4

When n 0, x1 0
When n 1, x 2 0.25
When n 2, x3 0.25099
When n 3, x 4 0.25099

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 12: Additional Differentiation Topics

12.7 Higher-Order Derivatives

For higher-order derivatives:

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 12: Additional Differentiation Topics

12.7 Higher-Order Derivatives

Example 1 Finding Higher-Order Derivatives

a. If f x 6 x 3 12 x 2 6 x 2 , find all higher-order

derivatives.
Solution:
f ' x 18 x 2 24 x 6
f ' ' x 36 x 24
f ' ' ' x 36

f 4 x 0

b. If f(x) = 7, find f(x).

Solution:
f ' x 0
f '' x 0

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 12: Additional Differentiation Topics

12.7 Higher-Order Derivatives

Example 3 Evaluating a Second-Order Derivative

16
d 2y
If f x
, find 2 when x 4.
x4
dx
Solution: dy 16 x 4 2
dx
d 2y
3

32
x

4
dx 2

d 2y
dx 2

x 4

16

Example 5 Higher-Order Implicit Differentiation

d 2y
Find 2 if x 2 4 y 2 4.
dx
dy
Solution: 2x 8y dx 0
dy x

dx 4 y
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Chapter 12: Additional Differentiation Topics

12.7 Higher-Order Derivatives
Example 5 Higher-Order Implicit Differentiation

Solution (continued):
dy x
Differenti ate

to get
dx 4 y
d 2y
4y 2 x 2

2
dx
16 y 3
d 2y
1
3
2
dx
4y

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.