ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION

AND SAFETY
ELECTRICAL AND
INSTRUMENTATION TECHNOLOGY
CGE535

POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION

Typical electrical power system consists of distribution lines, which are

subjected to internal or external faults.

Since an uninterrupted electrical energy supply is a need in todays

world, electric power system should ensure the availability of electrical

energy at all times.
Switchgear is the device used to control supply of electric power and

to protect the equipment in the event of abnormal condition, thus

ensuring the continuous supply of electric power. It is the combination
of electrical disconnect switches, fuses or circuit breakers.

POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION

POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION

The function of a protection system are:

Isolate faulty equipment so that remainder of the system can continue to

operate successfully.
To limit damage of equipment.

TARIFF
Tariff means the schedule of rates framed for supply of electrical energy

to the various categories of consumers. There are a few types of tariffs

such as

Flat Demand Tariff.

Simple Tariff.

This tariff is expressed as energy charges as the number of loads times the rate per
load.
This tariff is expressed as the energy charges per unit times the total electrical
energy consumed in units or kwh.

Flat Rate Tariff.

The different types of consumers are charged at different rates i.e. the flat rate for
light and fan loads is slightly higher than that for power load.

TARIFF

Step Rate Tariff.

The step rate tariff is a group of flat rate tariffs of decreasing unit charges for higher
range of consumption.

Block Rate Tariff.

Hopkinson Demand Rate or Two Part Tariff.

This type of tariff a given block of energy is charged at higher rate and succeeding
blocks of energy are charged at progressively reduced rates.
The total energy charge to be made to the consumer is split into two components
namely fixed charge and runign charge. This type of tariff is expressed as

Maximum Demand Tariff.

This tariff is similar to that of two part tariff except that in this case maximum
demand is actually measured by a maximum demand indicator instead of merely
assessing it on the basis of rate able value.

TARIFF

KVA Maximum Demand Tariff.

Doherty Rate or Three Part Tariff.

A modified form of two part tariff. In tis case maximum demand is measured in Kva
instead of in kw. This type of tariff encourages the consumers to operate their
machines/equipment at improved power factor because low power factor will cause
more demand charges.
In this tariff total energy charge is split into three elements namely fixed charge,
semi-fixed charge and variable charge.

Off Peak Tariff.

The load on the power station usually has pronounced peak loads in the morning
and early evening and a very low load during the night.

TARIFF AND POWER FACTOR

The relationship between current and power in an AC circuit is

expressed by the equation

kW = kVA x Power Factor
The power factor is a number between 0 and 1. For a given power

consumption, the current drawn is higher than necessary if the power

factor is less than 1.
The power factor can affect the cost of electricity. Power factor only

affects the maximum demand component of the network charges.

Generally, kVA demand tariffs are structured to be revenue neutral
compared with kW demand tariffs at a power factor of 0.8

SAFETY
Extra low Voltage (ELV)

ELV in electricity supply is one of several means to protect against electrical

shock. An ELV circuit is defined by The International Electrotechnical
Commission and its member organizations as one in which the electrical
potential of any conductor against earth is not more than either 25 volts
RMS (35 volts peak) for alternating current, or ripple-free 60 volts for direct
current under dry conditions. Lower numbers apply in wet conditions, or
when large contact areas are exposed to contact with the human body.
The IEC defines three types of extra-low-voltage systems (FELV, PELV,and
SELV), which are distinguished by their successively more restrictive safety
properties

SAFETY
Intrinsic safety (IS) is a protection technique for safe operation of

electronic equipment in explosive atmospheres and under irregular

operating conditions.

The concept was developed for safe operation of process control

instrumentation in hazardous areas, particularly North Sea gas platforms. As
a discipline, it is an application of inherent safety in instrumentation.
A device termed intrinsically safe is designed to not contain any components
that produce sparks or which can hold enough energy to produce a spark of
sufficient energy to cause an ignition.

SAFETY
Regulations

Electricity Supply Act 1990 - Amended 2001

An Act to provide for the regulation of the electricity supply industry, the supply of
electricity at reasonable prices, the licensing of any electrical installation, the
control of any electrical installation, plant and equipment with respect to matters
relating to the safety of persons and the efficient use of electricity and for purposes
connected therewith.
Part V Section 23: Competent Control - Electrical plant or installation can be
operated only by competent person holding the necessary qualifications/certificates
or under supervision and charge of competent person. Failure to comply, fine max
RM 10,000 and each additional day after conviction max RM 1000 if still fail to
comply

SAFETY

Part Vll Section 33: Notification of Accident or Fire

Any accident/fire/damage to property to be reported immediately to EC and followed up by

written report.
EC shall direct authorised officer to investigate and report findings, with copy to magistrate
if loss of life.
If loss of life or serious injury, no alterations to plant until investigations are complete
without permission of EC.
If preliminary investigations show accident/fire was due to failure to comply with Act, or
could have been prevented with proper precautions, EC will investigate further, and send a
copy of the findings to the Prosecution if criminal negligence is found.
Anyone concerned with the investigations may apply for a copy of the ECs investigation
report.

Part IX Section 37: Offences and Penalty

Offence - Tamper or adjust any installation or import or sell any equipment, which causes
or likely to cause danger to human life or limb or damage to equipment/property
Penalty - Fine < RM 100,000 or Jail < 5 years or both

SAFETY
Electricity Regulations 1994

Regulation 39: Treatment for Electric Shock

Regulation 59: Suspension and Cancellation

All holders of Certificate of Competency must register with EC

Regulation 110: Inspection and Testing of Installation

Certificate of Competency can be suspended or cancelled by EC due to serious

misbehavior

Regulation 63: Registration with EC

Instructions in Bahasa Malaysia to be provided

Employer to confirm workmen know and understand the procedure

Installation to be inspected and tested by Competent Person

Regulation 111: Work on Installation

All work on installation to be carried out by Competent Person or under his

supervision

SAFETY
Readings

1mAorless

SafeCurrentValues

1mAto8mA

8mAto15mA

Unsafecurrentvalues

Effects
Causesnosensation-notfelt.
Sensationofshock,notpainful;
Individualcanletgoatwillsince
muscularcontrolisnotlost.
Painfulshock;individualcanletgoatwill
sincemuscularcontrolisnotlost.

15mAto20mA

Painfulshock;controlofadjacent
muscleslost;victimcannotletgo.

50mAto100mA

Ventricularfibrillation-aheart
conditionthatcanresultindeath-is
possible.
Ventricularfibrillationoccurs.

100mAto200mA
200mAandover

Servereburns,severemuscular
contractions-soseverethatchest
musclesclamptheheartandstopitfor
thedurationoftheshock.(This
preventsventricularfibrillation).