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PLANNING
SITE PLANNING
RAP
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INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION
Analysis of the site shall consider all existing features, both natural and
man-made in order to determine those inherent qualities that give a site its
personality. A topographical analysis is mandatory. Emphasis should be
made on the sites relationship with the total environment and its special
values or potentials .
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INTRODUCTION
2.
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INTRODUCTION
SITE ANALYSIS involves the study of the site in terms of the following :
Natural factors :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Geology
Geomorphology physiography, landforms, soils, drainage,
topography and slopes, and soil erosion
Hydrology surface and ground water
Vegetation plant ecology
Wildlife habitats
Climate solar orientation, wind, and humidity.
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INTRODUCTION
SITE ANALYSIS
Cultural factors :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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SITE ANALYSIS :
Aesthetic factors :
1.
2.
3.
Natural features
Spatial patterns spaces and sequences
Visual Resources views and vistas
INTRODUCTION
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GEOLOGY
Sedimentary Rocks when igneous rocks are exposed to surface and
weathering reduces them to particles, these particles are moved by
erosional process and deposited in layers into rivers and oceans .
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GEOLOGY
Metamorphosed Rocks when sedimentary rocks are pushed to
deeper levels of the earth, they transform into metamorphosed
rocks due to changes in pressure and temperature .
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
When designing a piece of property for architectural, landscape architectural
and engineering usage, it is essential for the designer to first confront the
nature of the land, particularly its form, its slopes, and its inherent capabilities
for surface and subsurface discharge of water, for supporting vertical and
horizontal structures, and for resisting erosion. This exercise requires four
basic geomorphologic information such as :
Soil Erosion
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
In site planning, it is important to establish the relationship between soil
composition and land uses (other than agriculture). Soil surveys help guide in
site selection for residential, industrial, and other forms of development that
involve surface and subsurface structures.
Several features, or properties, are used to describe soil for use in site
design. Of these --1.
COMPOSITION
2.
TEXTURE
are generally the most meaningful; from them we can make inferences about
bearing capacity, internal drainage, erodibility, and slope stability.
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
SOIL PROPERTIES:
1.
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
COMPOSITION:
a.
Mineral Particles
comprise 50% to 80%
of the volume of the
soil and form the all
important skeletal
structure of the soil.
Sand and gravel
particles provide for the
greatest stability,
usually yield a relatively high bearing
capacity,
Bearing capacity is a soils resistance to penetration
from a weighted object such as a building foundation.
COMPOSITION
BEARING CAPACITY FOR ROCK AND SOIL MATERIALS
Clas
s
Material
Allowable
Bearing Value
(psf)
200,000
80,000
30,000
20,000
12,000
Rock
Soil
materials
8,000
6,000
4,000
8,000
10
Medium-stiff clay
4,000
11
Soft clay
2,000
12
6
7
(fixed by field
tests)
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
COMPOSITION:
b.
c.
d.
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
TEXTURE - is the term used to describe the composite sizes of
particles in a soil sample.
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
TEXTURE
There are 12 basic terms for texture, at the center of which is Class LOAM,
which is an intermediate mixture of 40% sand, 40% silt and 20% clay.
Sand
Loam
Clay
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
DRAINAGE:
GOOD DRAINAGE refers to the soils ability
to transfer gravity water downward through:
1.
2.
3.
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
DRAINAGE:
POOR DRAINAGE - means that gravity
water is not readily transmitted by the soil
and soil is frequently or permanently
saturated and may have water standing on
it caused by :
1.
2.
3.
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
TOPOGRAPHY AND SLOPES
SLOPE ANALYSIS -- Understanding slope forms for site design
requires understanding of local geologic, soil,
hydrologic, and vegetative conditions.
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
TOPOGRAPHY AND SLOPES
SLOPE FORM -- is expressed graphically in terms of a slope
profile, a silhouette of a slope drawn to known
proportions with distance on the horizontal axis
and elevation on the vertical axis
Four basic slope forms are detectable on contour maps:
straight
S - shape
concave
convex
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
TOPOGRAPHY AND SLOPES
ANGLE OF REPOSE -- angle at which soil can be safely inclined
and beyond which it will fail.
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
TOPOGRAPHY AND SLOPES
TOPOGRAPHIC MAP a map
of a portion of the earth that
describes the shape of the
earths surface by contour lines.
7,000
6,000
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
TOPOGRAPHY AND SLOPES
TOPOGRAPHIC MAP
Contours are imaginary lines that
join points of equal elevation on the
surface of the land above or below a
reference surface such as the mean
sea level.
Contours make it possible to measure
the height of mountains, depth of the
ocean bottoms, and steepness of
slopes .
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
TOPOGRAPHY AND SLOPES
SLOPE ANALYSIS -- is an important analytical process made on a
topographic map that makes a proper match between land uses and
slopes and produces an overall pattern of slopes which helps the site
planner in determining the buildable portions of the site.
The process involves breaking down of topography into grades which
will establish the desired patterns for a given land use as in the following
example :
SLOPE PATTERN for ELEMENTARY AND HIGH SCHOOL CAMPUS
0 5%
5 10%
10 15%
15 20%
20% and over
Generally flat
Gently rolling
Gentle to mild slopes
Mild to steep slopes
Harsh, steep slopes
Highly buildable
Moderately buildable
Moderately difficult to build
Difficult to build
Unbuildable
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
TOPOGRAPHY AND SLOPES
In the analysis of the slopes, the
distances for each Slope Pattern
are computed from the given
topographic map, for use on the
Slope Map.
To compute the Distance of a slope
from a topographic contour map :
D distance =
D distance =
contour interval
% slope
10.00 m
5%
D distance =
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X 100
X 100
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
TOPOGRAPHY AND SLOPES
A Slope Map is prepared to
visually express these slope
patterns on the topographic
map. Heres how to:
a.
b.
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c.
d.
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
TOPOGRAPHY AND SLOPES
The result is a colored or
gradient-hatched SLOPE
MAP.
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
TOPOGRAPHY AND SLOPES
DESIRABLE SLOPES when
slopes are selected according to
building type and the activities
associated with it.
-- Flat or gently sloping sites
are preferred for industrial and
commercial buildings
-- Hilly sites are preferred for
fashionable suburban residences.
Slopes influence the alignment of modern roads according to class of
roads; the higher the class, the lower the maximum grades allowable.
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Maximum
Minimum
Optimum
20% - 25%
0%
2%
Playgrounds
2% - 3%
.05%
1%
Public Stairs
50%
---
25%
Lawns (mowed)
25%
---
2% -- 3%
Septic Drainfields*
15%
0%
.05%
Parking Lots
3%
.05%
1%
Sidewalks
8%
0%
1%
15% -- 17%
---
1%
3% - 4%
0%
2%
3%
.05%
1%
Parking
3%
.05%
1%
Housing Sites
Paved Surfaces
12%
30 mph
10%
40 mph
8%
50 mph
7%
60 mph
5%
70 mph
4%
Industrial Sites
Factories
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
SOIL EROSION when rocks are
broken down (weathered) into small
fragments, and carried by wind, water,
ice and gravity. Energy for this
process is solar and gravitational.
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
SOIL EROSION
PREVENTION
Four factors to consider in forecasting erosion rates:
vegetation
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soil type
frequency and
intensity of rainfall
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
SOIL EROSION
PREVENTION
1.
Vegetation:
Foliage intercepts
raindrops
Organic litter on the
ground reduces
impact of raindrops
Roots bind together
aggregates of soil
particles
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
SOIL EROSION
PREVENTION
2.
Soil Type:
Intermediate
textures like sand
will usually yield
(erode) first
To erode clay, the
velocity of the runoff
should be high
enough to overcome
cohesive forces that
bind the particles
together
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
SOIL EROSION
PREVENTION
3.
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
SOIL EROSION
PREVENTION
4.
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HYDROLOGY
Water table is the upper boundary of the zone of groundwater;
the top of unconfined aquifer .
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HYDROLOGY
Aquifer A permeable geological stratum or formation that can
both store and transmit groundwater in significant quantities.
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HYDROLOGY
Watershed a
geographic area of land
bounded by topographic
features and height of
land that captures
precipitation, filters and
stores water and drains
waters to a shared
destination. Knowledge
of watershed
boundaries is critical to
water quality and storm
water management.
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VEGETATION:
The relevance of Plant Materials in site planning is in their role in :
1.
Climatic control
2.
Environmental Engineering
3.
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VEGETATION:
1.
Climatic control
a.
they cool the air under their canopies providing natural air
conditioning;
Scientists have recorded that with an air temperature of 84deg F,
surface temp of a concrete paving was 108 deg, while surface temp
under shade trees were 20deg lower.
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VEGETATION:
1.
Climatic control
b.
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VEGETATION:
1.
Climatic control
c.
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VEGETATION:
2.
Environmental Engineering
a.
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VEGETATION:
2.
Environmental Engineering
b.
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VEGETATION:
2.
Environmental Engineering
b.
Noise
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VEGETATION:
2.
Environmental Engineering
b.
Noise
Tree trunks deflect
sounds and it has
been estimated that
a 100 ft. depth of
forest can reduce
sound by 21
decibels.
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VEGETATION:
2.
Environmental Engineering
c.
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VEGETATION:
2.
Environmental Engineering
d.
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VEGETATION:
2.
Environmental Engineering
d.
Erosion Control
Vegetation with extensive
root systems imparts
stability to slopes.
On sandy slopes, the
presence of woody
vegetation can increase the
angle of repose by 10 to 15
degrees.
Vitiveria ziziainoides or
Vitiver Grass miracle grass
of amazing bio-engineering
capabilities.
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VEGETATION:
3.
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VEGETATION:
3.
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VEGETATION:
3.
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WILDLIFE:
Wildlife relates closely to habitats provided by plant communities. The three
groups of habitat elements essential to the different species of wildlife are:
1.
2.
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WILDLIFE:
3.
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CLIMATE:
Climates can be generally classified into four types: COLD, TEMPERATE,
HOT ARID and HOT HUMID. In each, a site should be investigated in terms of:
a.
Solar orientation
for buildings;
b.
c.
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CLIMATE:
Solar orientation
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CLIMATE:
Best facing slopes
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CLIMATE:
Wind flows
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Solar Orientation
Altitude
Topography
Vegetation
Water Bodies
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SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS:
The study of the community and its social and economic structures are done
to determine whether there is a need, an interest, or any objections on the
project.
Any proposed project must be compatible with the economy of the particular
community. For example, a high-end boutique is hardly suitable in a lowincome community.
The social structure of the community must be taken into consideration to
ensure that a proposed development will not result in any displaced families,
and any major disruption in their businesses and other activities.
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UTILITIES / SERVICES:
It is important to determine the existing availability of utilities on site in terms
of adequacy and efficiency. This includes:
Sanitary/sewage system
Electric power supply
Water supply
Drainage
Most water systems will supply domestic, industrial, and fire stand-by supply
from a distribution system. Storm drains collect surface water and conduct it
to rivers, creeks, or other bodies of water.
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HISTORIC FACTORS:
1.
Historic Buildings
2.
Historic Landmarks
3.
Archeology
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NATURAL FEATURES:
When sites are
characterized by
outstanding natural
features of earth,
THE AESTHETIC
rock, water or plant
material, these may
be incorporated in the
site development as
natural assets of the
land.
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FACTORS
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SPATIAL PATTERNS:
Spatial pattern is defined as the way an open space of a given site is
configured according to an arrangement of elements that evoke activity or
flow, both physically or visually.
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VISUAL RESOURCES:
1.
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VISUAL RESOURCES:
2.
A view is usually
better if enframed or
seen through an
appropriate screen.
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