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ARCHITECTURE
CONTENTS
> OVERVIEW
> PLANNING
> RF OPTIMIZATION
> TOOLS
OVERVIEW
ARCHITECHTURE
A GSM network is made up of three sub-systems:
The Mobile Station (MS)
The Base Station Sub-system (BSS) BSC and several BTSs
The Network and Switching Sub-system (NSS) MSC and associated
registers
ALU BSS
BSS components
BSC controller of the BSS
Control of the BTSs and their resources.
Perform switching functions within the BSS.
BSS configurations
Remote BTS
BSC
BTS
Daisy Chain
BTS 3
BTS 4
BTS 1
BSC
BTS 2
ANSV | DO-Mobile | RNO Training | May 2014 | Page 8
BSS configurations
Star Config.
BTS 3
BTS 1
BSC
BTS 4
BTS 2
BSS configurations
Loop Config.
BTS 3
BTS 1
BTS 4
BSC
BTS 2
ANSV | DO-Mobile | RNO Training | May 2014 | Page 10
TERMINOLOGY
Site
Cell
CGI
Feeder
ANC
TRX
BCCH
TCH
BSIC
etc
planning
RF NETWORK CYLCLE
Spreadsheet
Design
Benchmarking
Model Tuning
IBS Solution
Site Survey
Traffic
Expansion
Freq.
Planning
Optimization
ANSV | DO-Mobile | RNO Training | May 2014 | Page 13
Neighbor List
Site Params.
SPREADSHEET DESIGN
Use link budget to calculate the number of sites required to
meet coverage/capacity requirements of a certain
geographical area
Based on spreadsheet design operator agrees to buy
certain no of sites to build his network
Calculations based on
subscriber density
traffic per subscriber
expected growth in traffic, etc
MODEL TUNING
Model tuning is used to
Accurately allocate the sites.
To achieve more accurate results from the prediction/simulation tool
deployed.
Identification of hotspots/special coverage requirement areas.
Tuned model can be used as a benchmark for future expansions.
RF SITE SURVEY
Surveys for each search ring in the network to identify the
suitable candidates which can be used for building the sites.
Candidates identified are ranked on basis of their RF
suitability and other parameters such as structural stability,
line of sight clearance(for Tx), accessibility, costs, etc.
Drive testing may be carried out in some cases, to assess
the RF suitability
Once
suitable candidate(s) is identified acquisition
begins!!!
Often due to acquisition constraints, search rings need to be
modified and sometimes even the nominal plan needs to be
changed.
ANSV | DO-Mobile | RNO Training | May 2014 | Page 17
SAR
FREQUENCY planning
GSM works on a frequency reuse pattern.
Different techniques available for frequency plan
Non Hopping (NH)
Hopping - further divided into Baseband Hopping (BBH) and
Synthesized Frequency Hopping (SFH/RH)
FREQUENCY CHANNELS
P-GSM900
890-915 MHz for uplink, MS to BS
935-960 MHz for downlink, BS to MS
fup(n) = (890+0.2*n) MHz (with ARFCN 1 n 124)
fdown(n) = fup(n) + 45 MHz
Radio frequency channel spacing: 200 KHz;
Duplex spacing: 45 MHz
E-GSM900
880- 915 MHz for UL; 925-960 MHz for DL
GSM1800
1710-1785 MHz for UL; 1805-1880 MHz for DL
Radio frequency channel spacing: 200 KHz; 512 n 885
Duplex spacing: 95 MHz
ANSV | DO-Mobile | RNO Training | May 2014 | Page 19
FREQUENCY RE-USE
F=2
C/I 12 dB
C/A -9 dB
(GSM 05.05 spec.)
Reused pattern
F=3
F=7
F=1
F=4,8
F=6,10
F=5,9
F=2
F=3
F=7
F=2
F=1
F=4,8
F=6,10
F=5,9
F=3
F=7
F=1
F=4,8
F=6,10
F=5,9
ANTENNA
Types - Omni, Sector
Antenna pattern - the graphical representation of the
radiation properties of the antenna as a function of space
ANTENNA
Lobes portions of the pattern, can be a main lobe, a side
lobe, a back lobe
Gain (dBi decibel relative to isotropic radiator) - the ratio of
the power gain in a given direction to the power gain of a
reference antenna in the same direction
ANTENNA
HPBW
VSWR reflect how well the impedance of cable (feeder,
jumper), connector, antenna are matched. The typically
acceptable value is 1.5 which is ~ 4% of original power was
loss
ANTENNA
Mechanical tilt
Electrical tilt
OPt IMIZATION
OVERVIEW
Parameter BSC, Cell, TRX level
Timer at MS, Cell, BSC
Counter
Indicator Dimensioning, HO, QoS, Resource Availibility &
Usage, Traffic Load
KPI Key Performance Indicator
OSS KPIs
Accessibility
Retainability
Mobility
Drivetest KPIs
Coverage
Quality
OPTIMIZATION CYCLE
Network Rollout
Traffic
Optimization
Network PreOptimization
Hardware
Optimization
RF Fine Tuning
Parameter
Optimization
ANSV | DO-Mobile | RNO Training | May 2014 | Page 28
Physical
Optimization
HW OPTIMIZATION
Hardware Optimization is a process in which failing network
elements which affect the performance of BSS (Access
Network) are troubleshooted.
In most cases, hardware failures on a BTS/BSC or any part
of the access network alarms are generated at the OMC,
which help in identifying the fault
Key statistics from OMCR could point towards hardware
failures Typical statistics which indicate such problems are
HW OPTIMIZATION
Faulty TRX/combiner one of the most common problem.
Immediate step to be taken is to lock the particular
timeslot/TRX/combiner from the OMC and escalate the fault
to the BSS team.
Sleeping TRX/Cell - this is a temporary problem and gets
resolved by performing a reset on the particular.
Path balance This is also one of the common causes for
poor cell performance.
Path is balanced if DL receiving level UL receiving level = 0
(Pow(TRE TX) - RXLEV(DL)) - (Pow(MS TX) - RXLEV(UL)) = 0
PB < 0 means losses in the UL (poor UL RX)
PB > 0 means losses in the DL (weak DL TX)
PB in [-5; 5] is acceptable
ANSV | DO-Mobile | RNO Training | May 2014 | Page 30
HW OPTIMIZATION
Path balance If path is unbalanced, possible things that
could go wrong are
HW OPTIMIZATION
Steps for Hardware Optimization
Check for downlink receive level on each TRX. In some cases the
downlink receive level on a particular TRX may be very low, due to
faulty radio.
Request VSWR test to be performed if the problem appears to be
related to poor path balance.
Check for improper connection, improper antenna installation. One
loose connector could skew the performance of the entire cell
If the problem is not isolated to a bad TRX/ other BTS hardware
further investigations needed to check other possible faulty
hardware in the BSC/TC
PHYSICAL RF OPTIMIZATION
A well designed RF is key to good network performance.
Physical RF Optimization is an essential requirement during
the network pre-optimization stage.
The process comprises of conducting a drive test for the
entire cluster, which may comprise of one or several BSC
areas.
The drive test results are plotted on a GIS map and
deficiencies in coverage/interference problems are identified
by plotting Rxlev/Rxqual values.
RF optimization is helpful in resolving specific coverage
problems or interference problems, overshooting, no
dominant server issues, etc.
ANSV | DO-Mobile | RNO Training | May 2014 | Page 33
PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION
Access parameters
A = RxLev - RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN
B = MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH Pmax_MS
PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION
Access parameters
Cell prioritization
PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION
Access parameters
CELL_RESELECT_PARAM_IND= not present THEN C2=C1
else
C2 = C1 + CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET - TEMPORARY_OFFSET (T)
(for PENALTY_TIME 31)
C2 = C1 - CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET
(for PENALTY_TIME = 31)
PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION
Access parameters
Paging
SDCCH Radio failure, congestion, drop
Directed Retry
PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION
Handover parameters
PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION
PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION
Better cell HO (Power budget HO)
There is another cell with a better power budget i.e. the link quality
can be improved or maintained with a reduced transmission power
of both the MS and the BTS.
This cause is especially designed to cope with the requirement that
the mobile should be connected with the cell with which the lowest
possible output powers are used.
To assess which of the cells is the "best cell", the algorithm
performs the comparison of the path loss in the current and in the
neighbor cell every measurement reporting period.
The mobile measures the adjacent cell signal levels and reports
the six best ones
PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION
Better cell HO (Power budget HO)
The power budget gives the difference in path loss between the
current cell and the adjacent cells.
CALL FLOW
Call Flow
KPI
Call Setup Success Rate
KPI
Call Drop Rate