HISPATHOLOGICAL

IMAGE

Introduction on Breast Cancer

In order to diagnose Breast Cancer, three types of tests are generally

performed at hospitals:
(1) Mammogram;
(2) Breast ultrasound scans;
(3) Biopsy (hispathological image)

Although very effective in diagnosing Breast Cancer in older women,

mammograms are not effective on younger women (under 35 years).

This is because the breasts of younger women are too dense to give

a clear picture with mammograms.

Therefore, younger women are generally suggested to have a breast

ultrasound, and biopsy.

Introduction on Hispathlogical Image

Histopathology is the microscopic examination of tissue

for disease diagnosis.

Specifically,in clinical medicine, histopathology refers to
the examination of a biopsy specimen by a pathologist,
after the specimen has been processed and histological
sections have been placed onto glass slides.
There are four options for preparing a specimen for
histological analysis:
(1) squash preparations;
(2) smears;
(3) whole-mounts; and
(4) sections.

Problem Statement
There are four critical problems in histological image
analysis:
(1) normalisation of the variation in staining characteristics

across histological images;

(2) identification of tumour regions in histological images;
(3) identification of mitotic cells in histological images;
(4) predicting the nuclear atypia score in histological
images.

Objective
To investigate and apply existing image processing

algorithms and machine learning techniques in order to

detect mitosis and nucleai in hispathological images.

Literature Review
Authors

Title

Dhivya
M. Et al
(2014)

Segmentation using Query

graph generation nad Key
Detection and grading of Region, Feature Extraction
Cancer using
Using Structural Features
Hispathological Image
and Textural Features and
Analysis
Classification Using SVM

Image Analysis for

Neuroblastoma
Classification:
Metin et al Segmentation of Cell
(2006)
Nuclei

Tecniques

Results

Problem with
methods

To get a higher classification

accuracies. The proposed
model provide improved
classification accuracies
compare to conventional
classification methods
(statiscal pattern recognition) Not Mentioned

Olcay et
al

Colon Adenocarcinoma

Detects false
Hierarchical Normalized
positive errors due to
cut, Color Gradient Active Achieves 89% segmenattion presence of lumen
Contour
accuracy
like areas
Breast

Gives
misclassfication
results due to non
homogeneity cell
strucutre.
Segemntation
Teture measures
separabilty
cobination for improved
Gives 92.5% accuracy using assessment is
Omar & Al meningioma
individual texture measure for required in order to
Kadi( 201 classification of
Texture Classification using classifying menigioma
select the optimum
0)
hispathological images fractal features
tissues
color channel
Hispathological Image
Analysis Using ModelBased Intermediate
Represntation and Color
Texture: Follicullar
Lymphoma Grading

Organs

Meningioma Tumor

Texture Classification using

Non Linear color
Quantization, Self
Achieves 85.5% on average Staining variation
Organizing Maps
accuracy
may affect the result Follicullar Lymphoma

Literature Review
Authors

Title

Tecniques

Results

Cigdem
87.59% accuracy for
Gunduz Automatic segmentation
homogenous images and
Demir et of colon glands using
Segmentation using Object improves accuracy over pixel
al (2010) object graphs
Graph Approach
bas algorithm

Graph Run-length
Matrices for
Akif Burak Hispathological Images
Tosun
Segmenation

New texture descriptor for

unsupervised classification.
99% accuracy with Graph
RLM texture segmentation
Graph Run length matrices even for variation in
for images segmentation appreance of gland

Problem with
methods

Needs parameter
optmization which
decreases
segmentation results Colon Glands

Computational
complexity depends
on number of
primitives in image Breast

A review on the recent

Machine Learning
development in the state of
algorithms in medical
art CAD technology for
imaging has escalated to a digitized histopathology has
point where algorithms
been described in this paper
have been developed for and the scope of
disease detection,
development of an
diagnosis, and prediction of application that can tackle
M.
prognosis that
the specific histopathology
Gurcan et Histopathological Image complements the opinion related problems around the
al.,
Analysis: A Review
of the pathologist.
world has been discussed
Not Mentioned

J. C.
Caicedo
(2009)

Features for Histology

Images

Bag of Features and

Kernel Functions

Organs

resulting in an improvement
of the classification
performance where RBF
kernel in general shows an
improvement in precision,
either for SIFT points or
blocks.
Not Mentioned

All of Cases of Cancer

Not Mentioned

Literature Review
Authors

Title

Tecniques
Results
1) Pre-processing of the
image for determination
of the area of focus
using segmentation
Gaussian color models, Result based on three
2) Feature extraction to criteria of the Nottingham
Automated cancer
quantify the properties system. Test results show
diagnosis based on
of the focal areas, and 3) that the different grades
C. Demir Histopathological
classifying of the areas computed by the system
et al.
Images: A systematic to focus on the presence match those given by the
(2005)
survey
of malignancy if present. pathologist very well.
Based on the relative
amount of eosinophilic
and basophilic
A Combined
structures, tissue
Computerized
subtypes are
The proposed system was
Classification System categorized into two
able to correctly classify
for Whole-slide
groups: eosinophilic
32 out of 34 whole slide
O. Sertel Neuroblastoma
weighted (SR and D) or cases with an overall
et al
Histology: Model-based basophilic weighted (UD classification accuracy of
(2009)
Structural Features
and PD).
94.12%.
This systematic approach
increased the sensitivity of
detection of early acute
rejection (19 out of 21
cases) more than any of
the 37 pathologists
J.Kazi et
achieved by conventional
al.
Histopathology in
artificial neural network histopathological
(2009)
present era
(ANN)
assessment (17 out of 21).
The automated image
analysis and classification
Classifications are based makes it feasible to
on the subdivisions of a develop and classify the

Problem with
methods

Organs

Gives
misclassfication
results due to lowresolution global
image
Breast

Not Mentioned

Neuroblastoma (NB)

Not Mentioned

Not Mentioned

Literature Review
Authors

Title

Tecniques

Ameloblastoma: A
clinical,
radiographic, and
S. Kim histopathologic
Clinical Analysis on
et al
analysis of 71 cases data
Selection of spectral
bands and focal
Multispectral Band planes, detection of
Selection and Spatial candidate mitotic
Characterization:
regions and
Application to
computation of
Irshad Mitosis Detection in morphological and
et al
Breast Cancer
multispectral
(2014) Histopathology
statistical features.
Hispathological
Udupi et Image Analysis for
al
Breast Cancer
Using Boosted
(2011) Diagnosis
Decision Tree
using the techniques
like region- based and
boundary-based
segmentation
Review on
techniques but also
Sabgitta Histopathological
the changes that
et al
Slide Analysis using occur within
(2014) Digital Microscopy
anatomical regions

Problem with
Results
methods
Data with respect to the
patients' ages, sex, tumor
locations, and surgical
treatment history, as well as
the radiographic findings and
number of recurrences, were
analyzed. The histologic
types of and radiologic
findings regarding tumors
with higher recurrence rates
Not Mentioned
were also investigated.

This framework has

been evaluated on
MITOS multispectral
dataset and achieved
higher detection rate
(67.35%) and F-Measure
(63.74%) than the best
MITOS contest results. Not Mentioned

Not Mentioned
To enhance the
effectiveness of this
method classification
into normal or abnormal
tissue has been
suggested using
clustering, fuzzy sets
and neural network
Not Mentioned

Organs

ameloblastomas

Breast Cancer

Breast Cancer

All of Cases of
Cancer

Literature Review
Authors

Title

Telmo Analysis of breast

Amaral tissue microarray
(2010) spots

Sonal
Kothari
(2013)

Javid
Khan Et
al.
(2001)

Tecniques

Results

bag of features
approach and by
A classification
setting thresholds on accuracy of 74.6 %
prediction confidence was achieved.

Problem with
methods

Organs

Not Mentioned Breast Cancer

these shapebased features
The utility of
has been
Histological image biologically
The shape-based
coupled with
classification using interpretable shape- model, with an
other image
biologically
based features for
average accuracy of
features
interpretable
classification of
77%, outperforms or
achieve higher
shape-based
histological renal
complements
diagnostic
Renal Tumor
features
tumor images
traditional models
accuracy
Cancer
other methods
in SVM have not
been fully
explored to
extract the
ANN analysis leads to genes or
identification of genes features that are
specific for a cancer
most important
with implications for
for the
Classification and
biology and therapy, a classification
diagnostic
strength of this
performance
prediction of
method is that it does and which also
cancers using gene
not require genes to be will be of
expression profiling
exclusively associated interest to
and artificial neural artificial neural
with a single cancer
cancer
networks
network (ANN)
type.
biologists
Breast Cancer

Research Methodotology

Nottingham Prognostic Index

The Nottingham prognostic index (NPI) is used to

determine prognosis following surgery for breast

cancer.
Its value is calculated using three pathological

criteria:
the size of the lesion;
the number of involved lymph nodes; and
the grade of the tumour.

Calculation
The index is calculated using the formula:
NPI = [0.2 x S] + N + G

Where:
S is the size of the index lesion in centimetres
N is the number of lymph nodes involved: 0 =1, 1-3 = 2, >3 = 3
G is the grade of tumour: Grade I =1, Grade II =2, Grade III =3
Interpretation
Score

5-year survival

>/=2.0 to </=2.4

93%

>2.4 to </=3.4

85%

>3.4 to </=5.4

70%

>5.4

50%

Nottingham criteria for Breast Cancer grading

Criteria
Gland Formation

Score Description
1 more than 75% of the tumour forms gland
2 1075% of the tumour forms gland
3 less than 10% of the tumour forms gland

Nuclear Atypia

1 small, regular and uniform nuclei

2 moderate increase in size and variability
3 marked variation

Mitosis Count

1 09 mitosis in 10 HPF
2 1019 mitosis in 10 HPF
3 greater than 19 mitosis in 10 HPF

Four datasets used previous research

(1) WarMiCe dataset; (already email wait for respond)
(2) Leeds dataset; (already email wait for respond) got

PIC Email PIC

(3) MITOS dataset and (already email wait for respond)
(4) MITOS-Atypia dataset. (already email wait for
respond)

Dataset for Malaysian Hospital

Dr. Muhammad Arif Mohd Hashim
Head of Department
Department of Pathology
Hospital Kuala Lumpur
50586 Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur
MALAYSIA
603-26155594
603-26970417
patologi.hkl@moh.gov.my

Dr. Nik Rus Mazeni Binti Nik Yusoff

KETUA JABATAN DAN PAKAR PERUNDING KANAN PATOLOGI
Hospital Sultanah Aminah
Tel : 607-2231666 samb. 2361/2628
Fax : 607223 1803
email : drmazeni@moh.gov.my
(applied in website NMRR )

Evaluation Metrics
The evaluation metrics are defined as follows:
Recall (sensitivity) =
Precision (positive predicitive value) =

Where
TP = number of true positives, that is the number of candidate
mitotic cells that are ground truth mitotic cells.
FP = number of false positives, that is the number of candidate
mitotic cells that are not ground truth mitotic cells.
FN = number of false negatives, that is the number of ground truth
mitotic cells that have not been detected.