SQL Model Caluse

40166
Oracle Database 10g

SQL Model Clause
Andy Witkowski, Architect
Thomas Kyte, VP
Oracle Corporation
Whats now in SQL for

Modeling
Aggregation Enhancements
Cube, Rollup, Grouping Sets
New aggregates: Inverse Distribution, FIRST/LAST,etc
Analytic Functions
Window Functions: Rank, Moving, Cumulative
Statistical Functions: Correlation, Linear

Regression,etc
Old tools still have more modeling power than

SQL
Spreadsheets, MOLAP engines
SQL Model enhances SQL with modeling power
Case Study Modeling

with
Excel Excel
fits well at the personal scale
UI and Formatting
Calculations (build-in functions, formulas)
What-If analysis
Excel fits poorly at corporate scale for

modeling
Cryptic row-column addressing

No metadata, No standards, No mathematical
model
100s of spreadsheets and consolidation by hand
Does not scale (1000s formulas, TB of data)
Perpetual data exchange: databases->Excel
Replace Excel Modeling with SQL Modeling
Modeling with SQL Model

Language: Spreadsheet-like calculations in SQL
Inter-row calculation. Treats relations as an N-Dim array

Symbolic references to cells and their ranges
Multiple Formulas over N-Dim arrays
Automatic Formula Ordering
Recursive Model Solving
Model is a relation & can be processed further in SQL
Multiple arrays with different dimensionality in one query
Performance
Parallel Processing in partitioning & formulas

Multiple-self joins with one data access structure
Multiple UNIONs with one data access structure
Why Better?
Automatic Consolidation (models as views combine using

SQL)
Self Adjusting (as database changes no need to re-define)
One version of truth (calc directly over data base, no
exchange)
SQL Model
Concepts
prod time
vcr
dvd
Define Relation as
Array
2001
2001
9
0
Relation
time
Array
SELECT prod, time, s FROM sales

1
1999
2000
2001
dvd
tv
pc
vcr
prod
DIMENSION BY (prod, time) MEASURES (s)
prod time
vcr
dvd
Define Business Rules
2001
2001
9
0
Relation
time
Array

1
1999
2000
2001
dvd
tv
pc
vcr
prod
Sales in 2000 2x of previous

Predict vcr sales in 2002
year
Predict dvd sales in 2002

RULES UPSERT
(
s[ANY, 2000] = s[CV(prod), CV(time) - 1] * 2,
s[vcr, 2002] = s[vcr, 2001] + s[vcr, 2000],
s[dvd, 2002] =AVG(s) [CV(prod), time<2001]
)
prod time
vcr
dvd
Evaluate Formulas
1st
2001
2001
9
0
Relation
Array

1
1999
2000
2001
dvd
tv
pc
vcr

year

RULES UPSERT
(
s[vcr, 2002] = s[vcr, 2001] + s[vcr, 2000],
s[dvd, 2002] = AVG(s) [CV(prod), time<2001]
)
prod time
vcr
dvd
Evaluate Formulas
2nd
2001
2001
9
0
Relation

1
1999
2000
2001
2002
11
vcr
dvd
tv
pc

year
RULES UPSERT
(
s[vcr, 2002] = s[vcr, 2001] + s[vcr, 2000],
)
prod time
vcr
dvd
Evaluate Formulas
3rd
2001
2001
9
0
Relation

1
1999
2000
2001
2002
11 3
vcr
dvd
tv
pc

year
RULES UPSERT
(
s[vcr, 2002] = s[vcr, 2001] + s[vcr, 2000],
)
prod time
vcr
dvd
Return as Relation
2001
2001
9
0
Relation

1
1999
2000
2001
2002
11 3
vcr
dvd
tv
pc
Self-join.
join + UNION
join + UNION
RULES UPSERT
(
s[vcr, 2002] = s[vcr, 2001] + s[vcr, 2000],
)
Relation again
vcr
dvd
2001
2001
9
0
vcr
dvd
2002
2002
11
3
Rows updated & inserted by the Model clause
Model Clause Components

Model clause
Partitioning
SELECT region, prod, time, s

FROM sales
GROUP BY region, prod, time
MODEL PARTITION BY (region) DIMENSION BY (prod, time)
MEASURES (sum(sales) s, count(sales) c)
RULES ITERATE ( ) UNTIL ( )
(
s[ANY, 2000] = s[CV(prod), CV(time) - 1],
s[dvd, 2003] = s[dvd, 2002] + s[dvd, 2001],
UPSERT s[vcr, 2003] = AVG(s) [vcr, time < 2001]
)
ORDER BY region, product, time, s;
Dims of array
Model options
Formulas
Formula Options
Key Concepts (1)

New SQL Model Clause:
Data as N-dim arrays with DIMENSIONS & MEASURES

Data can be PARTITION-ed - creates an array per
partition
Formulas defined over the arrays express a (business)
model
Formulas within a Model:
Use symbolic addressing using familiar array notation

Can be ordered automatically based on dependency
between cells
Can be recursive with a convergence condition
recursive models
Can UPDATE or UPSERT cells
Support most SQL functions including aggregates
Key Concepts (2)

Result of a SQL Model is a relation
Can participate further in processing via joins, etc.

Can define views containing Model computations
SQL Model is the last query clause
Executed after joins, aggregation, window

functions
Before ORDER BY
Main Model and Reference Models
Can relate models of different dimensionality
Formula Fundamentals (1)

Formulas: SQL expressions over cells with aggs, functions,
etc.
Formula has a left and right side and represents
assignment
s[vcr, 2002] = s[vcr, 2001] + s[vcr, 2000]

s[vcr, 2002] = AVG(s)[vcr, t<2002]
single ref
multi ref on right
Left side can qualify multiple cells
s[p IN (vcr,dvd), t<2002] = 1000

multi ref on left
s[ANY, t=2002] = 2 * s[CV(p), CV(t)-1]
left-right correlation
s[p IN (SELECT prod FROM prod_tb), 2000] = 1000
Formula can operate in update or upsert mode
update s[vcr, 2002] = s[vcr, 2001] + s[vcr, 2000]

upsert s[vcr, 2002] = s[vcr, 2001] + s[vcr, 2000]

Function CV(dimension) propagates values
from left to the right side. In example,
products in 2002 are sum of two previous
years.
s[ANY, 2002] = s[CV(p), CV(t)-1] +s[CV(p), CV(t) 2]

years.
s[ANY, 2002] = s[CV(p), CV(t) -1] + s[CV(p), CV(t) 2]
Formula result can depend on processing

order. Can specify order in each formula.
E.g., shift by time:
s[vcr, ANY] ORDER BY t = s[vcr, CV(t) - 1]

years.

vcr ORDER
2001 300.00
s[vcr, ANY]
BY t = 0s[vcr, CV(t) - 1]
vcr
vcr
vcr
vcr
2002
2003
2004
2005
350.00
400.00
450.00
500.00
ORDER BY t
300.00

from left to the right side. E.g, products in
2002 are sum of two previous years

vcr
vcr
vcr
vcr
vcr
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
300.00
350.00
400.00
450.00
500.00
ORDER BY t
0
300.00
350.00

from left to the right side. E.g, products in
2002 are sum of two previous years

vcr
vcr
vcr
vcr
vcr
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
300.00
350.00
400.00
450.00
500.00
ORDER BY t
0
300.00
350.00
400.00
450.00
Model Options
Fundamentals
global options
MODEL
[ UNIQUE DIMENSIONS | UNIQUE SINGLE REFERENCE ]
[ IGNORE NAV | KEEP NAV ]
PARTITION BY (r) DIMENSION BY (p, t) MEASURES (s)
RULES [ UPDATE | UPSERT ]
rule
[ AUTOMATIC ORDER | SEQUENTIAL ORDER ]
(
s[ANY, 2002] = 1.2 * s[CV(product), 2002],
s[dvd, 2003] = s[dvd, 2002] + s[dvd, 2001],
s[vcr, 2003] = AVG(s) [vcr, t BETWEEN 1995 AND 2000],
s[video, 2003] = s[dvd, 2003], s[vcr, 2003]
)
options
NAV Options: Handling

Sparse Data
West dvd
2001
300.00
West
West
West
tv
vcr
vcr
2002
2001
2002
500.00
200.00
400.00
MODEL KEEP NAV PARTITION BY (r) DIMENSION BY (p, t) MEASURES (s)

RULES UPSERT
(
s[dvd, 2003] = s[dvd, 2002] + s[dvd, 2001]
s[tv ,2003] = sum(s) [tv, t BETWEEN 2001 AND 2002]
)
keep nav
2001
West
West
West
West
West
West
dvd
tv
dvd
tv
vcr
vcr
2001
2002
2003
2003
2001
2002
300.00
500.00
500.00
200.00
400.00

Sparse Data
West dvd
2001
300.00
West
West
West
tv
vcr
vcr
2002
2001
2002
500.00
200.00
400.00
MODEL INGNORE NAV PARTITION BY (r) DIMENSION BY (p, t) MEASURES (s)

RULES UPSERT
(
s[dvd, 2003] = s[dvd, 2002] + s[dvd, 2001]
)
ignore nav
assume 0
West
West
West
West
West
West
dvd
tv
dvd
tv
vcr
vcr
2001
2002
2003
2003
2001
2002
300.00
500.00
300.00
500.00
200.00
400.00

Sparse Data
West dvd
2001
300.00
West
West
West
tv
vcr
vcr
2002
2001
2002
500.00
200.00
400.00
MODEL KEEP NAV PARTITION BY (r) DIMENSION BY (p, t) MEASURES (s)

RULES UPSERT
(
s[dvd, 2003] = s[dvd, 2002] + s[dvd, 2001]
)
keep nav
ignore nav
2001
West
West
West
West
West
West
dvd
tv
dvd
tv
vcr
vcr
2001
2002
2003
2003
2001
2002
300.00
500.00
500.00
200.00
400.00
assume 0
West
West
West
West
West
West
dvd
tv
dvd
tv
vcr
vcr
2001
2002
2003
2003
2001
2002
300.00
500.00
300.00
500.00
200.00
400.00
Automatic Formula
Ordering
MODEL PARTITION BY (r) DIMENSION BY (p, t) MEASURES (s)
RULES UPDATE AUTOMATIC ORDER
(
F1: s[vcr, 2003] = AVG(s) [vcr, t BETWEEN 1995 AND 2002],
F2: s[dvd, 2003] = s[dvd, 2002] + s[dvd, 2001],
F3: s[ANY, 2002] = s[CV(p), 2001] + s[CV(p), 1999]
)
Automatic Formula
Ordering
(
F2: s[dvd, 2003] = s[dvd, 2002] + s[dvd, 2001],
F3: s[ANY, 2002] = s[CV(p), 2001] + s[CV(p), 1999]
)
F1 depends on F3 and F2 depends on F3, thus F3 automatically first:
Automatic Formula
Ordering
(
F2: s[dvd, 2003] = s[dvd, 2002] + s[dvd, 2001],
F3: s[ANY, 2002] = s[CV(p), 2001] + s[CV(p), 1999]
)
F1 depends on F3 and F2 depends on F3, thus F3 automatically first:
(
F3: s[ANY, 2002] = s[CV(p), 2001] + s[CV(p), 1999]
F2: s[dvd, 2003] = s[dvd, 2002] + s[dvd, 2001],
F1: s[vcr, 2003] = AVG(s) [vcr, t BETWEEN 1995 AND 2000]
)
UPDATE, UPSERT &

Region
Product Time
s
Partitions
East
dvd
2001
100
East
East
West
dvd
vcr
dvd
2002
2002
2001
150
100
200
MODEL PARTITION BY (r) DIMENSION BY (p,t) MEASURES (s)

RULES UPDATE IGNORE NAV
(
UPDATE s[vcr, 2002] = s[vcr, 2002] * 1.2,
UPSERT s[dvd, 2003] = s[dvd, 2002] + s[dvd, 2001]
)
UPDATE, UPSERT &

Region
Product Time
s
Partitions
East
dvd
2001
100
East
East
West
dvd
vcr
dvd
2002
2002
2001
150
100
200

(
UPDATE s[vcr, 2002] = s[vcr, 2002] * 1.2,
)
Region
East
East
East
Product Time
dvd
2001
dvd
2002
vcr
2002
West
dvd
2001
Old s
100
150
100
200
New s
100
100
120
200
updated
UPDATE, UPSERT &

Region
Product Time
s
Partitions
East
dvd
2001
100
East
East
West
dvd
vcr
dvd
2002
2002
2001
150
100
200

(
UPDATE s[vcr, 2002] = s[vcr, 2002] * 1.2,
)
Region
East
East
East
Product Time
dvd
2001
dvd
2002
vcr
2002
East
West
dvd
dvd
2003
2001
Old s
100
150
100
200
New s
100
100
120
250
200
updated
upserted
Different dimensions:
Reference
Relate Models with different dimensions. Represent each as ndimensional array: one main, others as reference or lookup arrays.
Sales Table
c
p
USA
dvd
USA
tv
Poland vcr
France vcr
t
2001
2001
2001
2001
s
300.00 $
500.00 $
200.00 zl
100.00 fr
Conv table converts currency to $

c
USA
Poland
France
ratio
1
0.24
0.12
SELECT c, p, t, s FROM sales

MODEL
REFERENCE convert ON (SELECT c, ratio FROM conv) DBY (c) MEASURES(r)
MAIN DIMENSION BY (c,p,t) MEASURES (s)
RULES UPSERT
(
s[ANY, ANY, ANY] = r[CV(c)] * s[CV(c), CV(p), CV(t)]
)
Different dimensions:
Reference
Sales Table
Conv table converts currency to $
c
p
USA
dvd
USA
tv
Poland vcr
France vcr
t
2001
2001
2001
2001
s
300.00 $
500.00 $
200.00 zl
100.00 fr
c
USA
Poland
France
ratio
1
0.24
0.12
SELECT c, p, t, s FROM sales

MODEL
REFERENCE convert ON (SELECT c, ratio FROM conv) DBY (c) MEASURES(r)
MAIN DIMENSION BY (c,p,t) MEASURES (s)
RULES UPSERT
(
s[ANY, ANY, ANY] = r[CV(c)] * s[CV(c), CV(p), CV(t)]
)
USA
dvd
USA
tv
Poland vcr
France vcr
2001
2001
2001
2001
300.00 $
500.00 $
48.00 $
12.00 $
Converted values

Model can contain cyclic (recursive) formulas.
- If cyclic formulas desired, use ITERATE option
- If ITERATE not present, cyclic formulas
automatically
detected, and an error reported.
Use ITERATE clause to specify # of iterations or
Use
clause to specify convergence
SELECT
x, s UNTIL
FROM dual
MODELconditions
DIMENSION BY (1 x) MEASURES (1024 s)
RULES ITERATE (8)
(
s[1] = s[1] / 2
)
Iteration
1
2
S value 1024 512
3
128
4
64
5
32
6
16
7
8
8
4

automatically
Use
SELECT
x, s UNTIL
FROM dual
MODELconditions
RULES ITERATE (8)
(
s[1] = s[1] / 2
)
Iteration
1
2
S value 1024 512
3
128
4
64
5
32
6
16
7
8
8
4

automatically
Use
SELECT
x, s UNTIL
FROM dual
MODELconditions
RULES ITERATE (8)
(
s[1] = s[1] / 2
)
Iteration
1
2
S value 1024 512
3
128
4
64
5
32
6
16
7
8
8
4

automatically
Use
SELECT
x, s UNTIL
FROM dual
MODELconditions
RULES ITERATE (8)
(
s[1] = s[1] / 2
)
Iteration
1
2
S value 1024 512
3
128
4
64
5
32
6
16
7
8
8
4

ModelUntil
can contain cyclic (recursive) formulas.
with

automatically
Use
SELECT
x, s UNTIL
FROM dual
MODELconditions
RULES ITERATE (10000) UNTIL (PREVIOUS(s[1]) s[1] <= 1)
(
s[1] = s[1] / 2
)
Iteration
1
2
3
10
S value 1024 512
256
2
previous(s[1]) - s[1] = 512
128
64
32
16

ModelUntil
can contain cyclic (recursive) formulas.
with

automatically
Use
SELECT
x, s UNTIL
FROM dual
MODELconditions
(
s[1] = s[1] / 2
)
Iteration
1
2
3
4
10
S value 1024 512
256
128
2
previous(s[1]) - s[1] = 256
64
32
16

ModelUntil
can contain cyclic (recursive) formulas. They
with
are automatically detected, and error is reported.

Unless cycles are intentional which is indicated with
ITERATE option
Use UNTIL to specify convergence conditions.
SELECT x, s FROM dual

if true.
MODELStop
DIMENSION
BY (1 x) MEASURES (1024 s)
(
s[1] = s[1] / 2
)
Iteration
1
2
10
S value 1024 512
2
256
128
64
32
16
previous(s[1]) - s[1] = 4
SQL Model
Business Examples
Time Series Calculation

(1)
Compute the ratio of current month sales of each product to
sales one year ago, one quarter ago and one month ago.
Assume: Sales cube with product sales per year, quarter, and month
& a time table mapping periods to prior year, quarter and month
time table: maps t to y_ago, q_ago, m_ago
Sales cube: prod sales per y, q, m
y_ago
q_ago
m_ago
product
sales
1999m01
1998m01
1998m10
1998m12
1999m01
vcr
100.00
1999m02
1998m02
1998m11
1999m01
1999m02
vcr
120.00
1999q01
1998q01
1998q04
NULL
1999q01
vcr
360.00

(2)
Reference model with Time table acts like look-up table
CV carries values from the left side to the right side
Without Model, you need 3 outer joins and a regular join
SELECT product, sales, r_y_ago, r_q_ago, r_m_ago
FROM sales_cube
MODEL REFERENCE r ON (SELECT * from time)
DIMENSION BY (t) MEASURES (y_ago, q_ago, m_ago)
MAIN PARTITION BY (product) DIMENSION BY (t)
MEASURES (sales, 0 r_y_ago, 0 r_q_ago, 0 r_m_ago)
RULES
(
r_y_ago[ANY] = s[CV(t)] / s[ y_ago[CV(t)] ],
-- year ago
r_q_ago[ANY] = s[CV(t)] / s[ q_ago[CV(t)] ], -- quarter ago
r_m_ago[ANY] = s[CV(t)] / s[ m_ago[CV(t)] ] -- month ago
);

Compute the ratio of current period sales of each product to sales a
(3)
year ago, quarter ago and a month ago.
For each row, we use the reference Model to find 3 other rows.
t
product
sales
r_y_ago
r_q_ago
a_m_ag
o
1999m01
vcr
100.00
0.050
0.280
0.830
1999m02
vcr
120.00
1999q01
vcr
360.00
1998q04
vcr
370.00

(3)
t
product
sales
r_y_ago
r_q_ago
a_m_ag
o
1999m01
vcr
100.00
0.050
0.280
0.830
1999m02
vcr
120.00
0.055
0.330
1999q01
vcr
360.00
0.160
0.970
null
1998q04
vcr
370.00

(3)
t
product
sales
r_y_ago
r_q_ago
a_m_ag
o
1999m01
vcr
100.00
0.050
0.280
0.830
1999m02
vcr
120.00
0.055
0.330
...
1999q01
vcr
360.00
0.160
0.970
null
1998q04
vcr
370.00
null
Recursive Model Solving:

In my ledger, I have
accounts: Net income, Interest, Taxes, etc.
Ledger
(1)
I want to have 30 % of my Net income as Interest (F1)
My Net income is Salary minus Interest, minus Tax (F2)
Taxes are 38% of Gross (salaryinterest) and 28% of Capital_gain (F3)
SELECT account, b FROM ledger
MODEL IGNORE NAV DIMENSION (account) MEASURES (balance b)
RULES ITERATE (..) UNTIL ..
(
b[interest] = b[net] * 0.30, --F1
b[net] = b[salary] b[interest] b[tax], --F2
b[tax] = (b[salary] b[interest]) * 0.38 + b[capital_gain] *0.28 --F3
)

In my ledger, I have
accounts: Net income, Interest, Taxes, etc.
Ledger
(1)
I want to have 30 % of my Net income as Interest (F1)
My Net income is Salary minus Interest, minus Tax (F2)
Taxes are 38% of Gross (salaryinterest) and 28% of Capital_gain (F3)
MODEL IGNORE NAV DIMENSION (account) MEASURES (balance b)
RULES ITERATE (..) UNTIL ..
(
b[interest] = b[net] * 0.30, --F1
b[net] = b[salary] b[interest] b[tax],
--F2
b[tax] = (b[salary] b[interest]) * 0.38 + b[capital_gain] *0.28
--F3
)
net
F1
interest
interest
F2
tax
F3
two cycles in the formulas

Ledger
(2)
In my ledger, I know
Salary & Capital_gains. What are my
Net income, Interest expense & Taxes?

MODEL IGNORE NAV DIMENSION BY (account) MEASURES (balance b)
RULES ITERATE (10000) UNTIL (ABS(b[net] - PREVIOUS(b[net])) < 0.01)
(
b[interest] = b[net] * 0.30,
)
Input Ledger
Account
Balance
salary
100,000
capital_gains
15,000
net
0
tax
0
interest
0
Output
Iterate till accuracy of .01
after 1st iteration
Account
salary
capital_gains
net
tax
interest
Balance
100,000
15,000
100,000
42,220
30,000

Ledger
(2)
In
my ledger, I know
Salary & Capital_gains. What is my Net & Taxes?
(
)
Input Ledger
Account
Balance
salary
100,000
capital_gains
15,000
net
0
tax
0
interest
0
Output
after 2nd iteration
Account
salary
capital_gains
net
tax
interest
Balance
100,000
15,000
27,800
30,800
8,340

Ledger
(2)
In
my ledger, I know
Salary & Capital_gains. What is my Net & Taxes?
(
)
Input Ledger
Account
Balance
salary
100,000
capital_gains
15,000
net
0
tax
0
interest
0
Output
after reaching accuracy

(26 iterations)
Account
salary
capital_gains
net
tax
interest
Balance
100,000
15,000
48,735
36,644
14,620
Financial Functions:
NPV
NPV net present value of a series of periodic cash flows.
Cash_Flow table
year
prod
amou
nt
1999
vcr
100.0
0
2000
vcr
12.00
2001
vcr
10.00
2002
vcr
20.00
1999
dvd
200.0
0
2000
dvd
22.00
2001
dvd
12.00
npv
values i
(1 rate) i
amount
(1 rate) i
Financial Functions: NPV

values i
amount
(1 rate) i
(1 rate) i
Cash_Flow table
year
prod
amou
nt
1999
vcr
100.0
0
2000
vcr
12.00
2001
vcr
10.00
2002
vcr
20.00
1999
dvd
200.0
0
2000
dvd
22.00
2001
dvd
12.00
npv
amount[1]/power(1+rate,1) + npv[1-1]

values i
amount
(1 rate) i
(1 rate) i
Cash_Flow table
year
prod
1999
vcr
amou
nt
100.0
0
2000
vcr
12.00
2001
vcr
10.00
2002
vcr
20.00
1999
dvd
200.0
0
2000
dvd
22.00
2001
dvd
12.00
npv

values i
amount
(1 rate) i
(1 rate) i
Cash_Flow table
year
prod
amou
nt
1999
vcr
100.0
0
2000
vcr
12.00
2001
vcr
10.00
2002
vcr
20.00
1999
dvd
200.0
0
2000
dvd
22.00
2001
dvd
12.00
npv

values i
amount
(1 rate) i
(1 rate) i
Cash_Flow table
year
prod
amou
nt
1999
vcr
100.0
0
2000
vcr
12.00
2001
vcr
10.00
2002
vcr
20.00
1999
dvd
200.0
0
2000
dvd
22.00
2001
dvd
12.00
npv
amount[i]/power(1+rate, i) + npv[i-1]
npv[ANY] ORDER BY i
= amount[ CV(i) ] / power(1+rate, CV(i))
+ npv[CV(i) 1]

amount
i
(2)
NPV Net present value of a series of
(1 rate) i
periodic cash flows.
Cash_Flow table and npv for rate = 0.14

year
prod
amou
nt
1999
vcr
100.0
0
2000
vcr
12.00
npv
100.0
0
-89.47
2001
vcr
10.00 -81.78
2002
vcr
20.00 -68.28
1999
dvd
200.0
0
200.0
0
2000
dvd
22.00
SELECT year, i, prod, amount, npv

FROM cash_flow
MODEL PARTITION BY (prod)
DIMENSION BY (i)
MEASURES
(amount, 0 npv, year)
RULES
(
npv[ 0] = amount[0],
npv[i !=0] ORDER BY i
= amount[ CV() ] /
POWER(1.14, CV() ) +
npv[CV() - 1]
)
SQL Model
Performance
SQL Model Time Series

Earlier example: ratio of sales to year, quarter and month ago
SELECT product, sales, r_y_ago, r_q_ago, r_m_ago
FROM sales_cube
MODEL REFERENCE r ON (SELECT * from time)
DIMENSION BY (t) MEASURES (y_ago, q_ago, m_ago)
MAIN PARTITION BY (product) DIMENSION BY (t)
MEASURES (sales, 0 r_y_ago, 0 r_q_ago, 0 r_m_ago)
RULES
(
r_y_ago[ANY] = s[CV(t)] / s[ y_ago[CV(t)] ],
-- year ago
r_q_ago[ANY] = s[CV(t)] / s[ q_ago[CV(t)] ], -- quarter ago
r_m_ago[ANY] = s[CV(t)] / s[ m_ago[CV(t)] ] -- month ago
);
ANSI SQL version needs outer join for each formula plus a join for
reference model.
N formulas, M reference models N+M joins 4 joins in this example:
sales_cube time sales_cube sales_cube sales_cube
SQL Model vs. ANSI Joins

400
Query response time
ANSI joins
350
300
250
200
SQL Model
150
100
50
Number of rules or joins

1
10
11 12
13
14
Summary
New facility for spreadsheet-like computations
in SQL
High Performance
Replaces multiple joins, unions

Scalable in size and parallel processing
Powerful optimizations
Collaborative analysis
Move external processing such as spreadsheets
into RDBMs for manageability and consolidation
Next Steps.
Demonstration at Oracle DEMOgrounds
Exhibit hall, Booth 1326, Database Area

Monday: 5:00 PM - 8:00, Tuesday: 10:30 - 1:00, 3:00 6:00,
Wednesday: 11:00 - 4:30, Thursday: 10:30 - 2:00
Hands-on Lab
Marriott Hotel - Golden Gate B1

Lab Section: Use Information from your Data Warehouse
Lesson 1: Using the SQL Model clause
Monday: 10:30 - 5:00, Tuesday: 8:30 - 12:30, 3:00 5:00,
Wednesday: 8:30 - 4:30, Thursday: 8:30 - 2:30
Reminder
please complete the
OracleWorld online
session survey
Thank you.
Q&
A
Q U E S T I O N S
A N S W E R S

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40166

Oracle Database 10g

Whats now in SQL for

Cube, Rollup, Grouping Sets

New aggregates: Inverse Distribution, FIRST/LAST,etc

Window Functions: Rank, Moving, Cumulative

Statistical Functions: Correlation, Linear

Old tools still have more modeling power than

Spreadsheets, MOLAP engines

SQL Model enhances SQL with modeling power

Case Study Modeling

Excel fits poorly at corporate scale for

Cryptic row-column addressing

Replace Excel Modeling with SQL Modeling

Modeling with SQL Model

Inter-row calculation. Treats relations as an N-Dim array

Parallel Processing in partitioning & formulas

Automatic Consolidation (models as views combine using

SELECT prod, time, s FROM sales

DIMENSION BY (prod, time) MEASURES (s)

Define Business Rules

SELECT prod, time, s FROM sales

Sales in 2000 2x of previous

DIMENSION BY (prod, time) MEASURES (s)

SELECT prod, time, s FROM sales

Sales in 2000 2x of previous

DIMENSION BY (prod, time) MEASURES (s)

SELECT prod, time, s FROM sales

DIMENSION BY (prod, time) MEASURES (s)

Sales in 2000 2x of previous

SELECT prod, time, s FROM sales

DIMENSION BY (prod, time) MEASURES (s)

Sales in 2000 2x of previous

SELECT prod, time, s FROM sales

DIMENSION BY (prod, time) MEASURES (s)

Rows updated & inserted by the Model clause

Model Clause Components

SELECT region, prod, time, s

Key Concepts (1)

Data as N-dim arrays with DIMENSIONS & MEASURES

Formulas within a Model:

Use symbolic addressing using familiar array notation

Key Concepts (2)

Can participate further in processing via joins, etc.

SQL Model is the last query clause

Executed after joins, aggregation, window

Main Model and Reference Models

Can relate models of different dimensionality

Formula Fundamentals (1)

s[vcr, 2002] = s[vcr, 2001] + s[vcr, 2000]

Left side can qualify multiple cells

s[p IN (vcr,dvd), t<2002] = 1000

Formula can operate in update or upsert mode

update s[vcr, 2002] = s[vcr, 2001] + s[vcr, 2000]

Formula Fundamentals (2)

Formula Fundamentals (2)

Formula result can depend on processing

Formula Fundamentals (2)

Formula result can depend on processing

Formula Fundamentals (2)

Formula result can depend on processing

Formula Fundamentals (2)

Formula result can depend on processing

NAV Options: Handling