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Physics 111: Lecture 1

Mechanics for Physicists and Engineers


Agenda for Today

Advice
Scope of this course
Measurement and Units
Fundamental units
Systems of units
Converting between systems of units
Dimensional Analysis
1-D Kinematics (review)
Average & instantaneous velocity and acceleration
Motion with constant acceleration

Physics 111: Lecture 1, Pg 1

Course Info & Advice

See info on the World Wide Web (heavily used in Physics 111)
Go to http://www.physics.uiuc.edu and follow courses link to the Physics
111 homepage

Course has several components:


Lecture: (me talking, demos and Active learning)
Discussion sections (group problem solving)
Homework sets, Web based
Labs: (group exploration of physical phenomena)
If you miss a lab or discussion you should always try to make it up as
soon as possible in another section!!

The first few weeks of the course should be review, hence the pace is fast. It
is important for you to keep up!

Physics 111: Lecture 1, Pg 2

Lecture Organization

Three main components:


Lecturer discusses class material
Follows lecture notes very closely

Lecturer does as many demos as possible


If you see it, you gotta believe it!
Look for the symbol

Students work in groups on conceptual


Active Learning problems
Usually three per lecture

Physics 111: Lecture 1, Pg 3

Scope of Physics 111

Classical Mechanics:
Mechanics: How and why things work
Classical:
Not too fast
(v << c)
Not too small (d >> atom)

Most everyday situations can be described in these terms.


Path of baseball
Orbit of planets
etc...

Physics 111: Lecture 1, Pg 4

Units

How we measure things!


All things in classical mechanics can be expressed in terms
of the fundamental units:
Length
Mass
Time

L
M
T

For example:
Speed has units of L / T (i.e. miles per hour).
Force has units of ML / T2 etc... (as you will learn).

Physics 111: Lecture 1, Pg 5

Length:
Distance
Length (m)
Radius of visible universe
1 x 1026
To Andromeda Galaxy
2 x 1022
To nearest star 4 x 1016
Earth to Sun
1.5 x 1011
Radius of Earth 6.4 x 106
Sears Tower
4.5 x 102
Football field
1.0 x 102
Tall person
2 x 100
Thickness of paper
1 x 10-4
Wavelength of blue light 4 x 10-7
Diameter of hydrogen atom
1 x 10-10
Diameter of proton
1 x 10-15

Physics 111: Lecture 1, Pg 6

Time:
Interval
Age of universe
Age of Grand Canyon
32 years
One year
One hour
Light travel from Earth to Moon
One cycle of guitar A string
One cycle of FM radio wave
Lifetime of neutral pi meson
Lifetime of top quark

Time (s)
5 x 1017
3 x 1014
1 x 109
3.2 x 107
3.6 x 103
1.3 x 100
2 x 10-3
6 x 10-8
1 x 10-16
4 x 10-25

Physics 111: Lecture 1, Pg 7

Mass:
Object
Mass (kg)
Milky Way Galaxy
4 x 1041
Sun 2 x 1030
Earth
6 x 1024
Boeing 747 4 x 105
Car 1 x 103
Student
7 x 101
Dust particle
1 x 10-9
Top quark
3 x 10-25
Proton
2 x 10-27
Electron
9 x 10-31
Neutrino
1 x 10-38

Physics 111: Lecture 1, Pg 8

Units...

SI (Systme International) Units:


mks: L = meters (m), M = kilograms (kg), T = seconds (s)
cgs: L = centimeters (cm), M = grams (gm), T = seconds (s)

British Units:
Inches, feet, miles, pounds, slugs...

We will use mostly SI units, but you may run across some
problems using British units. You should know how to convert
back & forth.

Physics 111: Lecture 1, Pg 9

Converting between different systems of units

Useful Conversion factors:


1 inch
= 2.54 cm
1m
= 3.28 ft
1 mile
= 5280 ft
1 mile
= 1.61 km

Example: convert miles per hour to meters per second:


1

mi
mi
ft
1 m
1 hr
m
1
5280

0.447
hr
hr
mi 3.28 ft 3600 s
s

Physics 111: Lecture 1, Pg 10

Dimensional Analysis

This is a very important tool to check your work


Its also very easy!

Example:
Doing a problem you get the answer distance
d = vt 2 (velocity x time2)
Units on left side = L
Units on right side = L / T x T2 = L x T

Left units and right units dont match, so answer must be


wrong!!

Physics 111: Lecture 1, Pg 11

Lecture 1, Act 1
Dimensional Analysis

(a)

The period P of a swinging pendulum depends only on


the length of the pendulum d and the acceleration of
gravity g.
Which of the following formulas for P could be
correct ?

P = 2 (dg)

(b)

d
P 2
g

(c)

P 2

d
g

Given: d has units of length (L) and g has units of (L / T 2).


Physics 111: Lecture 1, Pg 12

Lecture 1, Act 1
Solution

Realize that the left hand side P has units of time (T


T)
Try the first equation

(a)
(a)

L
L 2
T

L4
4 T
T

(a) P 2 dg

Not Right !!

d
(b) P 2
g

(c) P 2

d
g

Physics 111: Lecture 1, Pg 13

Lecture 1, Act 1
Solution

Try the second equation

(b)

L
T2 T
L
T2

(a) P 2 dg

Not Right !!

d
(b) P 2
g

(c) P 2

d
g

Physics 111: Lecture 1, Pg 14

Lecture 1, Act 1
Solution

Try the third equation

(c)

L
T2 T
L
T2

(a) P 2 dg

This has the correct units!!


This must be the answer!!

d
(b) P 2
g

(c) P 2

d
g

Physics 111: Lecture 1, Pg 15

Motion in 1 dimension

In 1-D, we usually write position as x(t1 ).

Since its in 1-D, all we need to indicate direction is + or .

Displacement in a time t = t2 - t1 is
x = x(t2) - x(t1) = x2 - x1
x
x

some particles trajectory


in 1-D

x2
x1
t1

t2

t
Physics 111: Lecture 1, Pg 16

1-D kinematics

Velocity v is the rate of change of position


Average velocity vav in the time t = t2 - t1 is:

v av

x( t 2 ) x( t1 ) x

t 2 t1
t

x
x

trajectory

x2

Vav = slope of line connecting x1 and x2.

x1
t1

t2

t
Physics 111: Lecture 1, Pg 17

1-D kinematics...

Consider limit t1

t2

Instantaneous velocity v is defined as:

v( t )

x
x

dx( t )
dt

so v(t2) = slope of line tangent to path at t2.

x2
x1
t1

t2

t
Physics 111: Lecture 1, Pg 18

1-D kinematics...

Acceleration a is the rate of change of velocity


Average acceleration aav in the time t = t2 - t1 is:

aav

v ( t 2 ) v ( t1 ) v

t 2 t1
t

And instantaneous acceleration a is defined as:

dv ( t ) d 2 x( t )
a( t )

dt
dt 2
using v ( t )

dx( t )
dt
Physics 111: Lecture 1, Pg 19

Recap

If the position x is known as a function of time, then we can find both velocity v and acceleration a as a function of time!

x
x x( t )

dx
v
dt
dv
d 2x
a

dt
dt 2

t
t

Physics 111: Lecture 1, Pg 20

More 1-D kinematics

We saw that v = dx / dt
In calculus language we would write dx = v dt, which we
can integrate to obtain:
t2

x (t 2 ) x (t1 ) v (t )dt
t1

Graphically, this is adding up lots of small rectangles:


v(t)

+ +...+
= displacement
t
Physics 111: Lecture 1, Pg 21

1-D Motion with constant acceleration

n
High-school calculus: t dt

dv
a

Also recall that


dt

1
t n 1 const
n 1

Since a is constant, we can integrate this using the above


rule to find:
v a dt a dt at v 0

dx
v

Similarly, since
dt we can integrate again to get:
1
x v dt ( at v 0 )dt at 2 v 0 t x0
2

Physics 111: Lecture 1, Pg 22

Recap

So for constant acceleration we find:

Plane
w/ lights

x
1
x x0 v 0 t at 2
2
v v 0 at

a const

Physics 111: Lecture 1, Pg 23

Lecture 1, Act 2
Motion in One Dimension

When throwing a ball straight up, which of the following is


true about its velocity v and its acceleration a at the
highest point in its path?

(a) Both v = 0 and a = 0.


(b) v 0, but a = 0.

(c) v = 0, but a 0.

Physics 111: Lecture 1, Pg 24

Lecture 1, Act 2
Solution

Going up the ball has positive velocity, while coming down it


has negative velocity. At the top the velocity is momentarily
zero.
x

Since the velocity is


continually changing there must
be some acceleration.
In fact the acceleration is caused
by gravity (g = 9.81 m/s2).
(more on gravity in a few lectures)

The answer is (c) v = 0, but a 0.

t
t

a
t

Physics 111: Lecture 1, Pg 25

Derivation:
v v 0 at

Solving for t:

v v0
a

x x0 v 0 t

1 2
at
2

Plugging in for t:

v v0 1 v v0
x x0 v 0
a

a
2
a

v 2 v 0 2 a( x x0 )

Physics 111: Lecture 1, Pg 26

Average Velocity

Remember that v v 0 at
v
v
vav
v0

t
t

v av

1
v 0 v
2

Physics 111: Lecture 1, Pg 27

Recap:

For constant acceleration:

Washers

1
x x0 v 0 t at 2
2
v v 0 at
a const

From which we know:


v 2 v 02 2a(x x0 )
1
v av (v 0 v)
2

Physics 111: Lecture 1, Pg 28

Problem 1

A car is traveling with an initial velocity v0. At t = 0, the


driver puts on the brakes, which slows the car at a rate of
ab

vo
ab

x = 0, t = 0

Physics 111: Lecture 1, Pg 29

Problem 1...

A car is traveling with an initial velocity v0. At t = 0, the


driver puts on the brakes, which slows the car at a rate of
ab. At what time tf does the car stop, and how much farther
xf does it travel?
v0

ab

x = 0, t = 0
v=0

x = x f , t = tf

Physics 111: Lecture 1, Pg 30

Problem 1...

Above, we derived: v = v0 + at

Realize that a = -ab

Also realizing that v = 0 at t = tf :


find 0 = v0 - ab tf or
tf = v0 /ab

Physics 111: Lecture 1, Pg 31

Problem 1...

To find stopping distance we use:


v 2 v 02 2a(x x0 )

In this case v = vf = 0, x0 = 0 and x = xf

v 0 2( ab )xf
2

v
xf 0
2 ab

Physics 111: Lecture 1, Pg 32

Problem 1...

So we found that

2
1 v0
tf
, xf
ab
2 ab

v0

Suppose that vo = 65 mi/hr = 29 m/s

Suppose also that ab = g = 9.81 m/s2

Find that tf = 3 s and xf = 43 m

Physics 111: Lecture 1, Pg 33

Tips:

Read !
Before you start work on a problem, read the problem
statement thoroughly. Make sure you understand what
information is given, what is asked for, and the meaning of all
the terms used in stating the problem.

Watch your units !


Always check the units of your answer, and carry the units
along with your numbers during the calculation.

Understand the limits !


Many equations we use are special cases of more general
laws. Understanding how they are derived will help you
recognize their limitations (for example, constant acceleration).

Physics 111: Lecture 1, Pg 34

Recap of todays lecture

Scope of this course


Measurement and Units (Chapter 1)
Systems of units (Text: 1-1)
Converting between systems of units
(Text: 1-2)
Dimensional Analysis
(Text: 1-3)
1-D Kinematics
(Chapter 2)
Average & instantaneous velocity
and acceleration
(Text: 2-1, 2-2)
Motion with constant acceleration
(Text: 2-3)
Example car problem (Ex. 2-7)

Look at Text problems Chapter 2: # 6, 12, 56, 119

Physics 111: Lecture 1, Pg 35

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