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SYSTRA
Introduction to GSM
Pan European
Good speech quality
Efficient use of Radio frequencies
High/Adequate capacity
Compatible with ISDN and w/ other data
communication specifications
Good security for both subscriber and
transmitted information.
Evolution of GSM
(Short History)
Evolution of GSM
(Contd..)
Advantage of GSM:
Digital Radio Path = system tolerates more
inter-cell interference, thus efficient use of RF
Better Quality of speech
Data transmission is supported
New services offered due to ISDN
compatibility
International Roaming possible
Large market = increased competition and
lower investment for operators and rates for
users.
Traffic Management
Mobile
Equipment
Subscriber
Identity
Module
Air
Interface
Mobile
Station
GSM
Network
The Second
Database
The Visitor Location Register (VLR)
database which temporarily keeps
record of subscribers currently located
in the service area of the MSC
Visitor
Locatio
n
Registe
r
Home Location
Register
BSS
MSC
VLR
HLR
Location Update
Location Registration (power
on) IMSI Attach.
Generic - every time MS detects a
change in Location
Area
Periodic - location updates at
regular intervals set by the
operator. (default 7 hours)
MSISDN
IMSI
VLR Address
63+918+9499247 310+02+1234567890
vlr2
Sub. Data
services
HLR
Loc Up
IMSI Request
MSC
VLR2
VLR1 Authen
MSC
BSC
1
IMSI
BTS
1
Loc Up + TMSI
LAI 1
MS
Subscriber Info
TMSI + LAI
Del old
data
Update
TMSI
BTS
MSC
BSC
1
Authentication
VLR1
VLR2
1
IMSI
Loc Up + new TMSI
Security Info
MSC
MS
LAI 1
MSISDN
IMSI
VLR Address
63+918+9499247 310+02+1234567890
vlr2
HLR
Enquiry
HLR
MSISDN
PSTN
MSISDN
A
MSISDN (B)
CC+ NDC + SN
63 918
9499247
Sub. Data
services
IMSI = MCC+MNC+MSIN
MSC 1
IMSI
MSC 2
VLR1
VLR DB
VLR2
BSC1
IMSI
MSRN
LAI
DATA
310+02+1234567890
1
MSRN
services
POOL MSRN = CC+NDC+SN
BTS
1
LAI 1
B B
MS
Paging
What the network does to locate the
called subscriber.
Service Area of VLR is divided into
smaller areas called Location Areas (LA)
LAI - Location Are Identity
LAI = MCC + MNC +LAC
HLR
MSISDN
PSTN
MSC
VLR1
MSC
VLR2
BSC
1
BTS
1
LAI 1
A
MS
MSISDN
IMSI
VLR Address
63+918+9499247 310+02+1234567890
vlr1
Sub. Data
services
HLR
IMSI = MCC+MNC+MSIN
IMSI
MSC
VLR1
VLR DB
IMSI
MSRN
HLR Enquiry
MSISDN
MSC
VLR2
MSISDN
BTS
1
BSC
1
LAI 1
LAI Services
2
Speech
MSRN
MSRN = CC+NDC+SN
B B
MS
BSC
2
BTS
2
MS
LAI2
MSISDN (C)
CC+ NDC + SN
63 918 9499247
Handover
The process by which an ongoing call
handled by one cell is transferred to
another cell.
Two reasons for Handover:
Handover due to Measurements
Handover due to Traffic Reasons
Intra
Inter
Inter
Inter
Handover (1)
HLR
PSTN
MSC/VLR 1
MSC/VLR 2
BSC2
BSC1
BSC3
A
BTS1
Measurement Report
BTS2
BTS3
BTS4
Handover (2)
HLR
PSTN
MSC/VLR 1
MSC/VLR 2
BSC2
BSC1
BSC3
A
BTS1
BTS2
BI am OK
BTS3
BTS4
Handover (3)
HLR
PSTN
MSC/VLR 1
MSC/VLR 2
BSC2
BSC1
BSC3
A
BTS1
BTS2
Measurement Report
BTS3
BTS4
Handover (4)
HLR
PSTN
MSC/VLR 1
MSC/VLR 2
BSC3
BSC2
BSC1
A
BTS1
BTS2
BTS3
BI am OK
BTS4
Handover (5)
HLR
PSTN
MSC/VLR 1
MSC/VLR 2
BSC3
BSC2
BSC1
A
BTS1
BTS2
BTS3
Measurement Report
BTS4
Handover (6)
HLR
PSTN
MSC/VLR 1
MSC/VLR 2
BSC2
BSC1
BSC3
A
BTS1
BTS2
BTS3
BTS4
I am OK
Handover (7)
HLR
PSTN
MSC/VLR 1
MSC/VLR 2
BSC2
BSC1
BSC3
A
BTS1
BTS2
BTS3
BTS4
VLR
BTS
Air Interface
ME
SIM
RAND
Ki
A3
Authentication
SRESCOMPARING
SRES
A3
Request of IMEI
IMEI Checking
EIR
Traffic
A8
Kc
ME
Provide IMEI
Ciphering
A5
EncryptedData
Data
Encrypted
Traffic
A5
Kc
A8
Ki
Transmission
AIR INTERFACE
Frequency Allocation
Radio Channel
DOWNLINK
935 - 960 MHz
1805-1880 MHz
UPLINK
890-915 MHz
1710-1785 MHz
Mobile
Cell Site
Air Interface
COMPARISON
TACS
GSM 900
DCS 1800
Uplink
890 - 905 MHz
890 - 915 MHz
1710 - 1785 MHz
Downlink
935 - 950 MHz
935 - 960 MHz
1805 - 1880 MHz
Duplex Distance
45 MHz
45 MHz
95 MHz
Carrier Separation
25 kHz
200 kHz
200 kHz
Number of Channels
15 Mhz / 25 kHz = 600 25 MHz / 200 kHz = 124 75 MHz / 200 kHz = 374
Channels defined in Switch 1, 2, .599, 600
1, 2, .123, 124
512 , 513 .884, 885
Access Method
FDMA
TDMA
TDMA
Terminologies
Uplink - signal flow from MS to BTS
Downlink - signal flow from BTS to MS
Transceivers (TRX) - devices in the BTS
that transmit and receive radio signals in
each of the GSM channels.
Implementation of Digital Radio
Transmission in GSM:
FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
Modulation
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying
LOGICAL CHANNELS
Common Channels - used for
broadcasting different info to MS and
setting up of signaling channels
between MSC/VLR and the MS
Dedicated Channels - used to
facilitate the discussions between
the MS and the BTS, BSC and
MSC/VLR.
LOGICAL CHANNELS
On every physical channel, a number of
logical channels are mapped. Each logical
channel is used for a specific purpose.
LOGICAL CHANNELS
TRAFFIC CHANNELS (TCH)
Full Rate Channel
Half Rate Channel
BROADCAST CHANNELS
FCCH = FREQUENCY CORRECTION CHANNEL
=> To tell the Mobile that this is the BCCH carrier
=> To able the Mobile to synchronize to the frequency
(Downlink only)
SCH = SYNCHRONISATION CHANNEL
=> Used for sending BSIC (Base station Identity Code)
=> Give TDMA frame number to the Mobile.
(Downlink only)
BCCH = BROADCAST CONTROL CHANNEL
=> Used for sending information to the mobile like
CGI (Cell Global identity), LAI (Location Area Identity),
BCCH carriers of the neighboring cells,
maximum output power allowed in the cell and other
broadcast messages like barred cell. (Downlink only)
BROADCAST CHANNELS
all downlink!
Hey. Im a
GSM xmitter!
GSM?
FCCH
GSM!!!
SCH TDMA#BSIC...
BCCH
LAneigborscell infomax power...
Hey! Dont shout
at me, lower your
power...
Okok
SDCCH
SACCH
timing advance
MS power
FACCH
handover
Dont shout
at me.
I cant hear
you little
butt.
1 TDMA FRAME
200 kHz
4.615 ms
0.577 ms
TS 0
TS 1
TS 2
TS 3
TS 4
TS 5
TS 6
TS 7
FCCH,
SCH,
BCCH
PCH,
RACH,
AGCH
SDCCH,
SACCH
CBCH
TCH,
SACCH
FACCH
TCH,
SACCH
FACCH
TCH,
SACCH
FACCH
TCH,
SACCH
FACCH
TCH,
SACCH
FACCH
TCH,
SACCH
FACCH
F = FCCH
S = SCH
B = BCCH
C = PCH or
AGCH
D = SDCCH
A = SACCH
T = TCH
4.615 ms
4.615 ms
F
S
B
B
B
B
C
C
C
C
F
S
C
C
C
C
.
.
.
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
.
.
.
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
A
T
T
T
.
.
.
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
.
.
.
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
A
T
T
T
.
.
.
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
.
.
.
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
A
T
T
T
.
.
.
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
1 Frame
(Downlink - BTS transmit)
1 carrier = 200 kHz
.
.
.
R = RACH
A = SACCH
T = TCH
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
.
.
.
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
.
.
.
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
A
T
T
T
.
.
.
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
I
T
T
T
.
.
.
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
A
T
T
T
.
.
.
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
I
T
T
T
.
.
.
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
A
T
T
T
.
.
.
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
I
T
T
T
1 Frame
(Uplink - Mobile transmit)
1 carrier = 200 kHz
.
.
.
Downlink
Uplink
..
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
5 6 7 0 1
0 1
2 3 4 5 6
3 TIMESLOT
3 * 0.577ms = 1.73ms
2 3 4 5
6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
...
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
3 TIMESLOT
3 * 0.577ms = 1.73ms
..
3 TIMESLOT
3 * 0.577ms = 1.73ms
This means that the mobile does not transmit and receive at the same time.