FGM

Female Genital Mutilation

 Predates = to happen or exist earlier in history than something

Ensure = to make certain that something will happen properly SYN make sure
Secure = a situation that is secure is one that you can depend on because it is not likely to change
Enhance = to improve something
Attenuate = to make something weaker or less
Unsightly = ugly or unplesant to look at
Unsightly builldings

Womanhood = the state of being a woman, not a man or a girl

Througout =
Outer = on the outside of something OPP inner
Undergo =if you undergo a change, an unpleasant experience etc, it happens to you or is done to you
The equipment has undergone several important design changes in recent years

Outlaw = to completely stop something by making it ilegal

Involve = if an activity or situation involves something, that thing is part of it or a resut of it
Ban = to say that something must not be done, seen, used, etc SYN prohibit OPP allow
Stretch = to make something bigger or looser by pulling it, or to become bigger or looser as a result of
being pulled

 Stitch = a piece of special thread which has been used to sew the edges of a wound together
He had to have ten stitches in his head
Thorns = a Sharp point that grows on the stem of a plant such as rose
Urinate = to get rid of urine from your body
unsanitary = dirty and likely to cause disease SYN insanitary OPP hygienic
Shard = a Sharp piece of broken glass, metal etc
A shard of glass

Sanitize = to clean something thoroughly, removing dirt and bacteria

Thoroughly = completely
Sorrow = a feeling of great sadness, usually because someone has died or because sth terrible has
happened to you
He expressed his sorrow at my fathers death

Lasting = strong enough, well enough planned etc to continue for a very long time SYN longlasting
The reforms will bring lasting benefits
A solution that would bring lasting peace

 Severe = ver serious, severe problems, injuries, illness, etc

Cysts = a lump containing liquid that grows in your body or under your skin, and that sometimes needs to be
removed
Lump = a small piece of something solid, without a particular shape
Childbirth = the act of having a baby
His wife died in childbirth

carry out = llevar a cabo algo, realizar algo

Comprise = to form part of a lager group of people of things
Women comprisee a high proportion of part-time workers

Injury = a wound or damage to part of your body caused by an accident or attack

Shw was taken to hospital with serious head injuries

deep-rooted = habit, idea, belief etc is so strong in a person or society that it is very difficult to change or
destroy it
Constitutes = to be considered to be something
The rise in crime constitutes a threat to society

Minors = someone who is below the age at which they becoome legally responsable for their actions
This film contains material unsuitable for minors

the right to life = el derecho a la vida

Harmful = causing harm
The harmful effects of smoking

 Harm = damage, injury, or trouble caused by someones actions or by an

event
The scandal did his career a lot of harm

Haemorrhage = hemorragia
Sores = a part of your bdoy that is sore is painful, because of infection or
because you have used a muscle too much

What is Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)?

 Why do these people do this?

Cultures, Religions and Social factors

ensure virginity
ensure fidelity
male sexual pleasure
Fertility
like a penis
attenuate the sexual desire
dirty and unsightly
Clean and more hygienic
initiation of girls

 There are three general types of FGM

Sunna Circumcision

Clitoridectomy

Infibulation or Pharaonic Circumcision

Who does this ?

Who is at risk?

 Where is FGM practiced?

Africa and Middle East
western, eastern, and north-eastern regions of Africa
some countries in Asia and the Middle East,

 Thanks

 Predates = to happen or exist earlier in history than something

Ensure = to make certain that something will happen properly SYN make sure
Secure = a situation that is secure is one that you can depend on because it is not likely to change
Enhance = to improve something
Attenuate = to make something weaker or less
Unsightly = ugly or unplesant to look at
Unsightly builldings

Womanhood = the state of being a woman, not a man or a girl

Througout =
Outer = on the outside of something OPP inner
Undergo =if you undergo a change, an unpleasant experience etc, it happens to you or is done to you
The equipment has undergone several important design changes in recent years

Outlaw = to completely stop something by making it ilegal

Involve = if an activity or situation involves something, that thing is part of it or a resut of it
Ban = to say that something must not be done, seen, used, etc SYN prohibit OPP allow
Stretch = to make something bigger or looser by pulling it, or to become bigger or looser as a result of
being pulled

 Stitch = a piece of special thread which has been used to sew the edges of a wound together
He had to have ten stitches in his head
Thorns = a Sharp point that grows on the stem of a plant such as rose
Urinate = to get rid of urine from your body
unsanitary = dirty and likely to cause disease SYN insanitary OPP hygienic
Shard = a Sharp piece of broken glass, metal etc
A shard of glass

Sanitize = to clean something thoroughly, removing dirt and bacteria

Thoroughly = completely
Sorrow = a feeling of great sadness, usually because someone has died or because sth terrible has
happened to you
He expressed his sorrow at my fathers death

Lasting = strong enough, well enough planned etc to continue for a very long time SYN longlasting
The reforms will bring lasting benefits
A solution that would bring lasting peace

 Severe = severo , grave

Cysts = quistes
Childbirth = parto
carry out = llevar a cabo algo, realizar algo
Comprise = constituye
Injury = lesin, herida
deep-rooted = profundamente arraigado
Constitutes = constituye
Minors = menores de edad
the right to life = el derecho a la vida
Harmful = perjudicial
Harm = dao
Haemorrhage = hemorragia
Sores = llagas
With regard = con respecto
Plihgt = situacin difcil, apurto
Uphold = mantener (una ley, un principio), confirmar ( una decisin legal)
Spiral = dispararse los precios