What is a Turbine ?

-A Turbine is a device which converts the heat energy of

steam into the kinetic energy & then to rotational energy.
-The Motive Power in a steam turbine is obtained by the
rate of change in momentum of a high velocity jet of
steam impinging on a curved blade which is free to
rotate.
-The basic cycle for the steam turbine power plant is the
Rankine cycle. The modern Power plant uses the rankine
cycle modified to include superheating, regenerative feed
water heating & reheating.

RANKINE CYCLE

Impulse & Reaction Turbine

1. Based on Blading Design
a) Impulse turbine
There is no pressure drop across moving blades.
Steam energy is transferred to the rotor entirely by
the steam jets striking the moving blades. Since
there is no pressure drop, negligible thrust is
produced.
b. Reaction turbine
Steam expands in both the stationary & moving
blades. Moving blades also act as nozzles. High axial
thrust is produced.
c) Combination of Impulse & Reaction turbine

IMPULSE TURBINE
a

IMPULSE REACTION TURBINE

DIFFERENCES

Impulse & Reaction Turbine

On the Principle of working
1.

Impulse Turbine

2.

Reaction Turbine

Impulse
-Pressure drops in nozzles and not in moving blade
-Constant blade channel area
-Profile type blades
-Restricted round or incomplete admission of steam
-Diaphragm contains nozzles
-Occupies less space for same power
-Higher efficiency in initial stage
-Suitable for small power requirements
-Blade manufacturing is not difficult
-Velocity of steam is high

Reaction
-Pressure drops in fixed blade as
well as in moving blades
-Varying blade channel area
-Aerofoil type blades
-All round or complete admission
-Fixed blades similar to moving blades attached to
casing serve as nozzles and
guide the steam
-Occupies more space for same power
- higher efficiency in final stages.
-Suitable for medium or high power requirements.
-Blade manufacturing process is difficult.
-Velocity of steam is less.

Turbines Classification
Based on Inlet & Outlet Steam Condition
Back pressure turbines

The Exhaust steam from

the turbine flows out of the steam piping at medium or low
pressure. Basically, the exhaust steam can be used effectively
in any other machines or equipment in the plant.

Condensing turbines

Full steam quantities

entering into the turbine are exhausted, and converted to
condensate in a condenser. The exhaust steam pressure is
lower than the atmospheric pressure.

Extraction turbines

Medium or low pressure steam

required by the process plant is extracted from the
intermediate stage of a condensing or back pressure turbine.

CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES
CASING : MADE OF CAST STEEL EXCEPT CONDENSING STAGE
WHICH IS MADE OF CAST IRON. IT IS MOUNTED ON THE FRONTEND BEARING PEDESTAL. EXPANSION OF CASING IS TOWARDS
FRONT END.
ROTOR : MACHINED FROM A FORGED BLANK OF ALLOY STEEL.
ROTOR IS A SINGLE FORGING INCORPORATING THE THRUST
BEARING COLLARS. IT IS SUPPORTED ON TWO PRESSURE
LUBRICATED JOURNAL BEARINGS. EXPANSION OF ROTOR IS
TOWARDS REAR END.
CONTROL STAGE : CONSISTS OF MOVING BLADES & NOZZLES.
NOZZLES ARE MACHINED FROM SOLID BLANKS. THE MOVING
BLADES ARE MACHINED FROM SOLID BAR STOCK & HAVE
INVERTED TEE ROOTS. TEE ROOTS ARE INSERTED INTO GROVES
IN THE TURBINE ROTOR & CAULKED WITH BRASS STRIP.

LOSSES
1. External Losses
- ESV & strainer losses
- Governing losses (throttling losses)
- Leaving Energy Losses (Latent heat of exhaust steam in condenser)
- Radiation Loss to the surroundings
2. Internal Losses
a) Blade losses
i) Primary Losses:
Friction loss due to profile surface finish
ii) Secondary Losses:
- Impingement loss

Losses in Turbine (contd.)

b) Inter stage Tip Leakages:
Steam throttles in the inter stage seals without doing work
c) Residual velocity Losses:
Kinetic energy of the leaving steam of one stage will be carried
over to the next stage. As the axial clearances increase between
the stages (or stage groups) part of the kinetic energy will be lost.

L.P BLADES

H.P.BLADES
DISCONNECT
COUPLING

MOVING WHEEL
FOR OIL TURBINE

HAND BARRING
WHEEL

THRUST
COLLAR

COUPLING

CROSS-SECTIONAL DRAWING OF BLADED ROTOR

Blade Profiles

Impulse

Reaction

Twisted Blade

DEFINITION OF GOVERNING
SYSTEM
A SYSTEM WHOSE PURPOSE IS TO CONTROL A PRIME
MOVER

The function of governor is to control the speed of the

turbine.It does this by controlling the flow of steam to the
nozzles.When the governor reacts to speed, it controls the
steam flow and steam flow by defination is power.
Therefore, through speed governing shaft output speed is
governed with variable power output.

Types of Governor
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Mechanical Governor
Hydraulic Governor
Combination of mechanical & Hydraulic
Pneumatic Governor
Electronic Governor

Protection Requirements
Over speed
Low Lube oil pressure
Low vacuum
Axial shift
High Vibration
Bearing temperature
High/low extraction pressure
Exhaust temperature
Generator / Compressor protections
Manual / Remote trip

EMERGENCY STOP VALVE

STOP VALVE

CYLINDER WITH TEST PISTON

HP GOVERNING
VALVE ASSEMBLY

YOKE ASSEMBLY

SERVOMOTOR

PILOT VALVE

MECHANICAL OVER
SPEED GOVERNOR
MECHANICAL TRIPPING DEVICE
(VERTICAL MOUNTING)