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Chapter 9
Chapter 9
Motivation and Emotion
Motivation
Dynamics of behavior that initiate, sustain, direct, and
terminate actions
Types of Motives
Primary Motive: Innate (inborn) motives based on
biological needs we must meet to survive
Stimulus Motive: Innate needs for stimulation and
information
Secondary Motive: Based on learned needs, drives, and
goals
Figure 9.2
FIGURE 9.2 In Walter Cannons early study of hunger, a simple apparatus was used to
simultaneously record hunger pangs and stomach contractions.
Chapter 9
Figure 9.3
Figure 9.4
FIGURE 9.4 This is a cross section through the middle of the brain (viewed from the front of the
brain). Indicated areas of the hypothalamus are associated with hunger and the regulation of
body weight.
Behavioral Dieting
Weight reduction based on changing exercise and eating
habits and not on temporary self-starvation
Some keys
Start with a complete physical
Exercise
Be committed to weight loss
Taste
Taste Aversion: Active dislike for a particular food
VERY difficult to overcome
Figure 9.6
FIGURE 9.6 Women with abnormal eating habits were asked to rate their body shape on a scale
similar to the one you see here. As a group, they chose ideal
figure is much thinner than what they thought their current weights were. (Most women say they
want to be thinner than they currently are, but to a lesser degree than women with eating
problems.) Notice that women with eating problems chose an ideal weight that was even thinner
than what they thought men prefer. This is not typical of most women. Only women with eating
problems wanted to be thinner than what they thought men find attractive
Chapter 9
Sex Drive
Estrus: Changes in animals that create a desire for sex;
females in heat
Estrogen: A female sex hormone
Androgens: Male hormones
Figure 9.7
FIGURE 9.7 These graphs show the frequency of sexual intercourse for American adults. To
generalize, about one third of the people surveyed have sex twice a week or more, one third a
few times a month, and one third a few times a year or not at all. The overall average is about
once a week
Stimulus Drives
Reflect needs for information, exploration, manipulation,
and sensory input
Sensation Seeking: Trait of people who prefer high levels
of stimulation (e.g., the contestants on Eco-Challenge
and Fear Factor)
Yerkes-Dodson Law: If a task is simple, it is best for
arousal to be high; if it is complex, lower levels of arousal
provide for the best performance
Figure 9.11
FIGURE 9.11 (a) The general relationship between arousal and efficiency can be described by an
inverted U curve. The optimal level of arousal or motivation is higher for a simple task (b) than for
a complex task (c).
Preparation
Relaxation
Rehearsal
Restructuring thoughts
Circadian Rhythms
Cyclical changes in bodily functions and arousal levels
that vary on a 24-hour schedule
Preadaptation: Gradual matching of sleep-waking cycles
to a new time schedule before an anticipated circadian
rhythm change (e.g., trying to adjust to new time zone to
avoid jet lag)
Figure 9.12
FIGURE 9.12 Core body temperature follows a circadian rhythm. Most people reach a low point 2
to 3 hours before the time they normally wake u
Page Its no wonder that both the Chernobyl and Three-Mile Island nuclear power plant accidents
occurred around 4 A.M. Rapid travel to a different time zone, shift work, depression, and illness
can disrupt the bodys core rhythm, with disturbing effects
Figure 9.13
FIGURE 9.13 Time required to adjust to air travel across six time zones. The average time to
resynchronize was shorter for westbound travel than for eastbound flights.
Learned Motives
Social Motives: Acquired by growing up in a particular
society or culture
Need for Achievement (nAch): Desire to meet some
internal standard of excellence
Need for Power: Desire to have impact or control over
others
Figure 9.14
FIGURE 9.14 Maslow believed that lower needs in the hierarchy are dominant. Basic needs must
be satisfied before growth motives are fully expressed. Desires for selfactualization are reflected
in various metaneeds (see text).
Types of Motivation
Intrinsic Motivation: Motivation coming from within, not
from external rewards; based on personal enjoyment of
a task
Extrinsic Motivation: Based on obvious external rewards,
obligations, or similar factors (e.g., pay, grades)
Emotions
State characterized by physiological arousal and
changes in facial expressions, gestures, posture, and
subjective feelings
Adaptive Behaviors: Aid our attempts to survive and
adjust to changing conditions
Physiological Changes: Include heart rate, blood
pressure, perspiration, and other involuntary bodily
responses
Adrenaline: Hormone produced by adrenal glands that
arouses the body
Emotional Expression: Outward signs of what a person
is feeling
Emotional Feelings: Private emotional experience
Anger
Anticipation
Joy
Acceptance
Figure 9.15
FIGURE 9.15 Primary and mixed emotions. In Robert Plutchiks model, there are eight primary
emotions, as listed in the inner areas. Adjacent emotions may combine to give the emotions
listed around the perimeter. Mixtures involving more widely separated emotions are also
possible. For example, fear plus anticipation produces anxiety.
Figure 9.16
FIGURE 9.16 Folklore holds that people who work or attend school on a weekly schedule
experience their lowest moods on Blue Monday. Actually, moods tend to be generally lower for
most weekdays than they are on weekends. The graph shown here plots the average daily
moods of a group of college students over a 5-week period. As you can see, many people find
that their moods rise and fall on a 7-day cycle. For most students, a low point tends to occur
around Monday or Tuesday and a peak on Friday or Saturday.
Lie Detectors
Polygraph: Device that records heart rate, blood
pressure, respiration, and galvanic skin response (GSR);
lie detector
GSR: Measures sweating
Irrelevant Questions: Neutral, emotional questions in a
polygraph test
Relevant Questions: Questions to which only someone
guilty should react by becoming anxious or emotional
Control Questions: Questions that almost always
provoke anxiety in a polygraph (e.g. Have you ever
taken any office supplies?)
Figure 9.19
FIGURE 9.19 When shown groups of simplified faces (without labels), the angry and scheming
faces jumped out at people faster than sad, happy, or neutral faces. An ability to rapidly detect
threatening expressions probably helped our ancestors survive.
Theories of Emotion
James-Lange Theory: Emotional feelings follow bodily
arousal and come from awareness of such arousal.
Cannon-Bard Theory: The thalamus (in brain) causes
emotional feelings and bodily arousal to occur at the
same time.
Schachters Cognitive Theory: Emotions occur when a
label is applied to general physical arousal.
Attribution: Mental process of assigning causes to
events; attributing arousal to a certain source.
Facial Feedback Hypothesis: Sensations from facial
expressions and help define what emotion someone
feels.
Figure 9.21
Figure 9.23
Happiness
Subjective Well-Being (SWB): When people are satisfied
with their lives, have frequent positive emotions, and
have relatively few negative emotions
Are these factors related to happiness?
Wealth: No relation
Education: Not really
Marriage: Not really
Religion: Minimally