Desalination

of Ground
Water
Himanshu Rao-C.E
3A-2 , 111000064
Class Roll No. - 60

The Worlds Water

97% Sea Water
3% Fresh Water

California Coastline
http://www.windycityart.com/californiawallpaper/ocean
%20wallpaper.jpg

Salinity
It is a term used to describe the amount of salt

in a given water sample. It is usually referred

in terms of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS).
Water with a TDS concentration greater than

1,000 mg/L commonly is considered saline.

Where does the salt come from?

The wearing down of rock materials over time.
Salt from the ocean going into the land by wind

or rain.
Other materials from the ocean that get

transferred from the ocean to the land.

Desalination Definition
Process of removing

salts & minerals from

water in order to
produce water suitable
for various applications.
Currently 14,500
desalination plants
operating world wide.
230 million people rely
on this process for daily
water usage.
http://www.pimagazine-asia.com/news/chennai-desalination-plant-adopts-alectric-actuators/

Various Procedures
Desalination by Reverse Osmosis(R.O)Process,
Desalination by Electro-Dialysis,
Solar driven Desalination,
Desalination by Carbon Nano-tube Membrane.

Reverse Osmosis Process

Principle

http://www.hydrotec.co.uk/InfoCentre/Filtration/tabid/138/Default.aspx

Reverse Osmosis

http://www.thewatertreatments.com/desalination-water-treatment/water-treatment-process/

Electro-Dialysis
Electro dialysis is a membrane process in which ions are
transported through ion permeable membranes from one
solution to another under the influence of an electrical
potential gradient.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3c/Edprinc.jpg

How It Works?
Salts dissolved in
water forms ions,
being positively
(cationic)or
negatively (anionic)
charged.
These ions are
attracted to
electrodes with an
opposite electric
charge.

Solar Powered Desalination

It is possible to build a small
scale low maintenance
desalination unit using
current methods with power
requirements able to be
supplied by photovoltaic
cells.

Photovoltaic cell

http://members.aol.com/norfloat/fotsol2.jpg

Desalination by
Carbon Nano-tube
Membrane
(Bucky Papers)
Bucky_Paper_nano_image (www.disclosetv.com)

How it Works?
Ions cannot fit through the 1 nm tubes
At .93 nm in diameter,95% of ions are

filtered out of water

Up to 100 times faster
Also filters out bacteria and viruses

http://www.filtsep.com/view/37355/carbon-nanotube-membranes-for-water-purification-desalination/

Conclusion
Provides clean, desalinated, water.
Filters out bacteria and viruses
Cheaper price.
Faster filtration

http://anam-cara.typepad.com/.a/6a00d83451a05569e20115702e25ad970c-pi

Everyone
Need Water

http://news.bbc.co.uk

References
K. S. Rawat*1, A. K. Mishra1 and V. K. Sehgal. Journal of Applied and

Natural Science 4 (1): 117-122 (2012).

Kallista Sears 1,*, Ludovic. Recent Developments in Carbon Nanotube
Membranes for
Water Purification. Materials 2010, 3, 127-149; doi:10.3390/ma3010127
Buros, O.K. 1987. "An Introduction to Desalination." In Non-Conventional
Water Resources Use in Developing Countries. New York, United Nations,
pp. 37-53. (Natural Resources/Water Series No. 22)
O'Connell, M.J. Carbon Nanotubes: Properties and Applications; Taylor &
Francis Group: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2006.
Dresselhaus, M.S.; Dresselhaus, G.; Avouris, Ph. Carbon Nanotubes:
Synthesis, Structure, Properties,and Applications; Springer: Berlin,
Germany, 2001.