Introduction to UMTS

ISSUE 1.0

Huawei Confidential. All Rights Reserved

object

Upon completion of this course, you will be

able to:

Understand the
communications

history of 3G mobile

Understand the UMTS network architecture

and 3GPP different releases

Understand the UMTS network services

Understand the basic principles of UTRAN

Internal Use

References

TS 21.102
3rd Generation Mobile System
Release 4 Specifications
TS 21.103
3rd Generation Mobile System
Release 5 Specifications
Huaweis UMTS RAN protocols and signaling
analysis document

Internal Use

Part 1 Introduction to UMTS

Part 2 UTRAN basic principles
Part 3 ATM basic principles

Internal Use

Part 1 Introduction to UMTS

Section 1 History of 3G
Section 2 UMTS network structure
Section 3 UMTS network services

Internal Use

Development of Mobile communication

1st Generation
1980s (analog)

GSM

AMPS
TACS
NMT
OTHERS

2nd Generation
1990s (digital)

Analog to Digital

CDMA
IS95
DAMPS
PDC

AMPS = Advanced Mobile phone service

TACS=Total Access Communications Systems
NMT=Nordic Mobile Telephone

3rd Generation
current (digital)

WCDMA
FDD

Voice to Broadband

CDMA
2000
WCDMA
TDD

GSM=Global system for Mobile Communications

D-AMPS=Digital-AMPS
PDC=personal digital cellular

Internal Use

History of 3G
At 1985 : ITU started the process of defining the standard for third
generation systems, referred to as International Mobile Telecommunications
2000 (IMT-2000)
Some of the features that IMT-2000 3G network must include
1-Circuit and packet oriented services
2-Simultaneous multiple services
3-Symmetrical and Asymmetrical services
4-Migration path from 2G systems
5-Supporting Multimedia services

Car speed environment: 144kbps

Walk speed environment: 384kbps
Indoor environment: 2048kbps

1992: 230MHz spectrum was allocated in 2GHz band (WARC92)

Internal Use

History of 3G
Based on the IMT-200 performance objectives and frequency allocation the
ITU-R formally requested a submission of RTT proposals with a closing date
at the end of July 1998 .
By the closing date , there were a total of 10 RTT proposals were submitted
from Europe , United states , Japan , Korea and, China. All these proposal
where accepted .
Five RTT for IMT2000
WCDMA FDD
CDMA2000 (1X-EV-DO and 3X modes)
WCDMA-TDD
UWC-136 (based on D-AMPS)
DECT
Only three 3G network implemented and currently deployed
1-CDMA 2000 (1X-EV-DO)
2-WCDMA FDD (UMTS FDD)
3-WCDMA TDD (UMTS TDD)

Internal Use

3G standardization organizations

Standardization organizations such as 3GPP, 3GPP2 were established

WCDMA
3GPP

CDMA2000

3G system

3GPP2

FDD/TDD mode

Internal Use

Frequency allocation for IMT2000

WARC in 1992 230MHz in 2GHZ Band was allocated to IMT2000
IMT-2000
1800

1900

2000

1885

ITU

IMT-2000
1895 1918

Japan

1980

2100

2010 2025

MSS
MSS (Reg.2)

1980

2010 2025

PHS IMT-2000 MSS IMT-2000

Europe/
Australia
USA

IMT-2000

1880 1900 1920

DECT
185
0

1980 2010 2025

UMTS

MSS UMTS

1910 193

PCS

Unlicensed

2200MHz

2110

MSS MSS
IMT-2000 (Reg.2)
2110

2170

IMT-2000 MSS
2110

2170

MSS

UMTS
2110

1990

2155 2170

2150 2165

2025

MSS

Reserve

MSS

MSS: Mobile Satellite Service

Internal Use

Frequency allocation for IMT2000

Additional (2nd of June, 2000)

WRC2000 Conference has decided to allocate additional bands for IMT-2000,

800MHz, 1.8GHz, and 2.5GHz Band.

800

IMT-2000
GSM
(Current)
PDC
(Current)

1000

2000

1500

960

806

2010
2025

1710

2500

MHz
2690

1885 1980

2110 2170
880

810

960

958

1710

1429

1990

1513

: Additionally assigned for IMT-2000

Internal Use

UMTS FDD and TDD

FDD (Frequency Division Duplex)

pL
U
r
o
f
:
f1

ink

Link
n
w
o
D
f 2: for
Mobile Terminal

Base station

TDD (Time Division Duplex)

f 1 : fo r

n Li
w
o
D
p&

nk

TS
TS
Up Down

Mobile Terminal

Base station

TS: Time slot

Internal Use

Summary
IMT-2000 is the ITU standard for 3G mobile communications
three 3G networks are implemented and currently deployed
1-CDMA 2000 (1X-EV-DO)
2-WCDMA FDD (UMTS FDD)
3-WCDMA TDD (UMTS TDD)
3GPP is responsible for producing UMTS network standard specifications
3GPP2 is responsible for producing CDMA2000 network standard
specifications

Internal Use

Part 1 Introduction to UMTS

Section 1 History of 3G
Section 2 UMTS network structure
Section 3 UMTS network services

Internal Use

3GPP R99 network Architecture

Internal Use

3GPP R99 network Architecture

Interoperability with GSM
CS domain elements are able to handle 2G and 3G subscribers.
Changes (upgrades) in MSC/VLR and HLR/AC/EIR.
For example SGSN
2G responsible for mobility management (MM) for packet connections
3G MM divided between RNC and SGSN

Internal Use

3GPP R4 network Architecture

Internal Use

3GPP R4 network Architecture

The 3GPP R4 introduces separation of the connection, its control, and
services for CS domain of CN.
Media Gateway (MGW): an element for maintaining the connection and
performing switching function when required.
MSC server: an element controlling MGW and responsible for signaling
Packet switched voice
The CS call is changed to the packet switched call in MGW.

Internal Use

Difference between R99 and R4

CS domain evolution
SCP

HLR

SCP

HLR

MAP Over TDM

MSC

TUP/ISUP
TDM

MAP Over TDM/IP

MSC

MSC Server

ATM/IP/TDM

MSC Server

ATM/IP

MGW

RAN

RAN

RAN

RAN

R99

ATM/IP

RAN

MGW

RAN

R4

Notes: PS domain structure remain unchanged

Internal Use

3GPP R5 network architecture

Internal Use

3GPP R5 network architecture

3GPP R5 introduces the High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)

The HSDPA scheme proposes to add an additional wideband downlink
shared channel that is optimized for very high-speed data transfer
In HSDPA the coding and modulation scheme used are changed according
to air interface conditions
Release 5 employs two modulation schemes, QPSK and 16QAM. Later
releases may introduce other schemes, such as 64QAM
3GPP R5 introduces a IP Multimedia subsystem (IMS)

Internal Use

Summary

3GPP R99 is the first 3GPP specification for UMTS based on GSM NSS as
a CN
R4 softswitch based CS Core network was introduced in 3GPP R4
HSDPA and IMS are introduced in 3GPP R5

Internal Use

Part 1 Introduction to UMTS

Section 1 History of 3G
Section 2 UMTS network structure
Section 3 UMTS network services

Internal Use

QoS of Different Services

Quality (BER)

conversational

streaming

interactive

background

Time delay

Internal Use

UMTS services

Conversational Services
Speech service:
Real time conversational service require the low time delay from end
to end , and the uplink and the downlink service bandwidth is
symmetrical .
Adopt AMR ( adaptive multi rate ) technique (WCDMA).

12.2, 10.2, 7.95, 7.40, 6.70, 5.90, 5.15 and 4.75kbps.

The bit rate of AMR voice can be controlled by the RAN
according to the payload of air interface and the quality
of voice service .

Video phone (WCDMA)

The requirement of time delay is similar to the voice service
The CS connection :adopt ITU-T Rec.H.324M (AMR-H.263)
The PS connection :adopt IETF SIP or H.323

Internal Use

UMTS services

Streaming Services
(eg. Telemetry (monitoring) , Audio and Video streaming )

Interactive Services
(eg. Web browsing , and online games )
Background Services
(eg. Email , Fax , and SMS )

Internal Use

Summary

Internal Use

Part 1 Introduction to UMTS

Part 2 UTRAN basic principles
Part 3 ATM basic principles

Internal Use

Multiple Access Techniques

CDMA
Power
Tim
e

cy
en
u
eq
Fr

Traffic channels: different

users are assigned unique
code and transmitted over
the same frequency band,
for example, WCDMA and
CDMA2000

TDMA
Power
Tim
e

FDMA
Power

Us
e
U
Us ser r
Us e r
Us e r
er

Us
er
Tim

eq
Fr

y
nc
e
u

e
qu
e
r
F

y
nc

Traffic channels: different time slots

are allocated to different users, for
example, DAMPS and GSM

Traffic channels: different frequency bands

are allocated to different users,for example,
AMPS and TACS
Internal Use

Multiple Access Techniques

Advantage
FDMA

1. Simple Implementation

Defect
Defect
1. Frequency Reuse
2. privacy

AMPS, TACS

1.Privacy

1. Need synchronized of
frame

CDMA

1. Reduction the interference

IS95,
W-CDMA

2. Diversity Hand-over

1. Sophisticated power
control for mobile

TDMA
GSM, PDC

3. Privacy

Internal Use

Multiple Access Techniques

CDMA

FDMA/TDMA

7 6
7 6

5
2

7 6

7
2

1
7

1
1
1 7
1
1
1
1 4
1

1
2
1
1
1 5
1
1
1
1 6
1
7
1
1

Frequency is different in each

sector.

Frequency is same.

Need for

No need for frequency

plan

frequency plan (Frequency Reuse)

Reuse

Internal Use

DS-CDMA

Narrow Band
Spreading
Signal
Code 1
A

Wide Band
Signal
(Multiple Signal)

Despreading

(Receiver A)

Code 1
A

C
B
A

User-A
Code 2
B

User-A
(Receiver B)

Code 2
B

De-spreading
Code

User-B
Code 3

Narrow Band
Signal

User-B
(Receiver C)

Code 3

User-C

User-C
Internal Use

Rake Receiver

C B

Rake

Internal Use

Rake receiver
RAKE Receiver
Finger
FingerCircuit
Circuit
RX

Finger
FingerCircuit
Circuit

Combiner
Combiner

Combined
Signal

Finger
FingerCircuit
Circuit
Searcher
Searcher
Electric
Power

Electric Power

Calculation
Calculation
Output Power

Multiple Signal 1
Multiple Signal 2
Multiple Signal 3
Delay Time

Delay Profile

Delay Time
Internal Use

WCDMA handover types

Soft Handover

UE is connected simultaneously to more than one base station (up to 3

sectors) using the same frequency
The UE receives the downlink transmissions of two or more base stations.
For this purpose it has to employ one of its RAKE receiver fingers for each
received signal.
in the uplink direction , the code channel of the mobile station is received
from both base stations, but the received data is then routed to the RNC for
combining
The RNC selects the better frame between the two possible candidates
based on frame reliability indicator

Internal Use

WCDMA handover types

Softer Handover

UE is connected simultaneously to two sectors of one base station using the

same frequency
The UE receives the downlink transmissions the two sectors. For this
purpose it has to employ one of its RAKE receiver fingers for each received
signal.
in the uplink direction , the code channel of the mobile station is received in
each sector, then routed to the same baseband Rake receiver and the
maximal ratio combined there in the usual way.

Internal Use

WCDMA handover types

Hard Handover

The UE stops transmission on one frequency before it moves to another

frequency and starts transmitting again
During Hard Handover the used radio frequency (RF) of the UE changes

Internal Use

WCDMA handover types

Inter-system Handover
Handover between two different radio access technologies
Handover between UMTS FDD and GSM
Handover between UMTS FDD and UMTS TDD

Internal Use

Spreading process in WCDMA

Coding
Coding
&
&
Interleaving
Interleaving

3,840 Kcps
Channelization
Code

Scrambling
Code

1st Step: Channelization

Variable Rate Spreading ( According to user data rate)
2nd Step: Scrambling Code
Fixed Rate Spreading (3,840 Kchips)

Internal Use

Spreading process in WCDMA

Downlink (NodeB to UE )
Scrambling Code: Identifies cell (sector).
Channelization Code: Identifies user channels in cell (Sector).

Scrambling Code A
Scrambling Code B
Channelization
Channelization
Code 2
Channelization
Code 3
Code 1
Channelization
Code 1
Channelization
Code 1
Channelization
Code 2

Channelization
Code 2

Scrambling Code C
Internal Use

Spreading process in WCDMA

Up Link (UE to NodeB )

Scrambling Code: Identifies user terminal.
Channelization Code: Identifies channels in user terminal.

Channelization
Code 2
Channelization
Code 1

Scrambling Code A
Channelization
Code 1

Scrambling Code B

Channelization
Code 1

Scrambling Code C

Internal Use

Spreading process in WCDMA

Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor [OVSF] codes are the channelization

codes used for signal spreading in the uplink and downlink

Internal Use

Spreading process in WCDMA

The code used for scrambling of the uplink Channels may be of either long
or short type, There are 224 long and 224 short uplink scrambling codes.
Uplink scrambling codes are assigned by higher layers.
For downlink physical channels, a total of 218-1 = 262,143 scrambling codes
can be generated. Only scrambling codes k = 0, 1, , 8191 are used.
In the downlink direction 512 of scrambling codes are used to identify the
cells in the downlink so downlink planning is required

Internal Use

W-CDMA (IMT-DS) Specification

Multiple access method

DS-CDMA (DS: Direct Spread)

Duplexing method

FDD/TDD (Frequency Division Duplex/Time

Division Duplex)

Inter-cell synchronization

Asynchronous

Bandwidth

5 MHZ

Chip rate

3.84 Mcps

Carrier spacing

Flexible with 100/200kHz carrier raster

Frame length Unit

10 ms

Data modulation

Downlink: QPSK, Uplink: BPSK

Multi-rate concept

Variable spreading factor and/or multi-code

Maximum data rate

2 Mbps (indoor)/384 kbps (mobile)

Channel coding

Convolutional coding (R=1/3 or 1/2, K=9)

Turbo code for High data rate

BPSK: Binary phase shift keying

QPSK: Quadrature phase shift keying

Internal Use

UMTS FDD frequency allocations

Operating Band

UL Frequencies
UE transmit, Node B receive

DL frequencies
UE receive, Node B transmit

1920 1980 MHz

2110 2170 MHz

II

1850 1910 MHz

1930 1990 MHz

III

1710-1785 MHz

1805-1880 MHz

IV

1710-1755 MHz

2110-2155 MHz

824 849 MHz

869-894 MHz

VI

830-840 MHz

875-885 MHz

Operating Band

TX-RX frequency separation

190 MHz

II

80 MHz.

III

95 MHz.

IV

400 MHz

45 MHz

VI

45 MHz

Internal Use

Summary

UMTS is based on DS-CDMA as a multiple access technique

Rack receiver is used to combine signals and get benefits from Multipath
fading . Also it is used to combine signals in soft and softer handover cases
Two types of Power control are used in UMTS , open and closed loop power
control
Types of handover in UMTS
Soft handover
Softer handover
Hard handover
Inter-system handover
Spreading process in WCDMA consists of two stages
Channelization
Scrambling

Internal Use

Part 1 Introduction to UMTS

Part 2 UTRAN basic principles
Part 3 ATM basic principles

Internal Use

Why do we need a new technology?

To provide a high-speed, low

delay

multiplexing and switching network to any

type of

user traffic, such as voice support, data,or video

applications.

Internal Use

Traditional Switch Models Characteristic

Circuit Switching
Data is sent from the same route, so time delay is fixed

High-speed switching
Fixed rate
Packet Switching
Support multi-rate switching
Take full advantage of bandwidth/waste of bandwidth
Time delay is not fixed

Internal Use

What is ATM?
ATM

for Telecommunications is Asynchronous Transfer Mode, (not

Automatic Teller Machine!).
In general, ATM means that traffic is carried in small, fixed-length
packets called cells.
A technology that integrates advantages of circuit switch and packet
switch.
ATM can support any type of user services, such as voice, data, or
video service.

Internal Use

ATM can provides both CBR and VBR transport

Internal Use

ATM Overview

5-Bytes
Header

48-Bytes
Payload

53byte fixed length cell= 5Bytes cell

header+48Bytes payload.
ATM must set up virtual connection before
communication.

Contract

ATM network will confer with terminal on

parameter of QoS before the connection is
set up.

Internal Use

ATM Network Model

UNI

NNI

NNI

UNI

NNI

NNI
NNI

ATM Switch

UNI

ATM End terminal

UNI = User to Network Interface

NNI = Network to Network Interface

Internal Use

ATM Cell

Internal Use

ATM Cell

GFC ( Generic Flow Control): It is intended for control of a possible bus

system at the user interface and is not used at the moment.
VPI ( Virtual Path Identifier): The VPI contains the second part of the
addressing instructions and is of higher priority than the VCI.
VCI ( Virtual Channel Identifier): VCI in each case indicates a path section
between switching centers or between the switching center and the
subscriber.
PTI ( Payload Type Identifier): Indicates the type of data in the information
field.
CLP ( Cell Loss Priority): Determines whether a cell can be preferentially
deleted or not in the case of a transmission bottleneck.
HEC ( Header Error Control): Provided in order to control and, to some
extent, correct errors in the header data that may occur. The HEC is used to
synchronize the receiver to the start of the cell.

Internal Use

VP and VC

think VPI as a bundle of virtual

channels. (256 VPI on one link)
the individual virtual channels
have unique VCIs. The VCI
values may be reused in each
virtual path.

Internal Use

ATM Connections

Internal Use

ATM Virtual Connection

UNI cell
VPI =1
VCI =1

Port

VPI

VCI

26

44
1

3
2

NNI cell
VPI =26
VCI =44
3
1

Port

VPI

VCI

26

44

44

UNI cell
VPI =20
VCI =30
3

NNI cell
VPI =2
VCI =44

NNI cell
VPI =6
VCI =44
3

Port

VPI

VCI

44

20

30

ATM Virtual Connection

Port

VPI

VCI

44

44

In order to exchange cells between A and B, several tables must be set up

in network node where the cells passed. After these tables have been set
up, all the cells will be transferred along this route. This route is called
Virtual Connection.
Internal Use

ATM Protocol Structure Model

Internal Use

ATM traffic classes

Internal Use

ATM traffic parameters

Internal Use

ATM applications in UMTS network

UTRAN

Uu

NodeB

Iub

Iu

Iu-CS

RNC

UE

MSC

NodeB

Iur
NodeB

RNC
UE

NodeB

SGSN

Iu-PS

Internal Use

ATM applications in UMTS network

Internal Use

Internal Use