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KAUNSELING FREUD,
ADLER, JUNG
MINGGU 5
Psychoanalytic Theory
Basic Freudian Propositions
Clinical Experiences
Anna O. (Breuer)
Unexpressed emotion ->
pathology
Unaware of emotion
(unconscious)
Emotion expression reduces
pathology
Fundamental Assumptions of
Psychoanalytic Theory
Fundamental Assumptions of
Psychoanalytic Theory
The Basic Instincts: Sex and
Aggression
Closely follows Darwins theory
Freud believed that everything
humans do can be understood as
manifestations of the life and death
instincts
Later termed libido (life) and
Fundamental Assumptions of
Psychoanalytic Theory
Unconscious Motivation
Individuals control their sexual and
aggressive urges by placing them in
the unconscious
These take on a life of their own and
become the motivated unconscious
Fundamental Assumptions of
Psychoanalytic Theory
Psychic Determinism
Fundamental Assumptions of
Psychoanalytic Theory
Energy Model
Levels of Consciousness
Conscious - current awareness
Preconscious - not aware of material
but its retrievable (via ordinary
retrieval)
Unconscious - not aware of material
but its not retrievable (via ordinary
retrieval)
Free Association
Dream Analysis
Projective Techniques
Recovered Memories
ID
EGO
SUPEREGO
Psychodynamics
Conflict model
Id vs. superego; Individual vs. society
Restrain expression of all drives
Surplus energy results in anxiety
Defense Mechanisms
Unconscious psychological
processes designed to avoid or
reduce the conscious experience
of anxiety
Perceptual Defense
Research
Reaction Formation
Act
opposite of impulse
Projection
Make
impulse external
Isolation/Intellectualization
Isolate
emotional reaction
Process
abstractly
Can
feelings
Enable the person to deal with the
unconscious urges realistically and
maturely
But how to penetrate the
Summary
There
Defense
Psychoanalysis
is a therapy used
for making the patient's
Objective Anxiety
Neurotic Anxiety
Moral Anxiety
Defense Mechanisms
Adlerian
Psychotherapy
Prioritizing relationships
Adlerian Theory
History of Adlerian Theory
Inspired by Freudian psychoanalysis
Some overlap with other neo-Freudians (e.g.,
Horney)
Anticipated elements of humanistic, cognitive,
and systemic approaches
Championed in U.S. by Rudolf Dreikurs
Dissemination throughout U.S. elementary schools
during the guidance movement by Don Dinkmeyer
Nature of maladjustment
Conflict: one step forward and one step backward movement which has
the net effect of maintaining an individual at a dead center point
constitutional factors
Social interaction
Work
Sex
Spirituality
Coping with ourselves
Courage
The Phenomenological
Approach
Adlerians attempt to view the world
from the clients subjective frame of
reference
Reality is less important than how the individual
perceives and believes life to be
It is not the childhood experiences that are crucial
~ It is our present interpretation of these events
It is not genes
It is not environment
It is not genes and environment
It is how we choose to respond to our genes and
environment
Social Interest
Adlers most significant and distinctive concept
Refers to an individuals attitude toward and
awareness of being a part of the human
community
Mental health is measured by the degree to
which we successfully share with others and
are concerned with their welfare
Happiness and success are largely related to
social connectedness
Second of two
Middle
Youngest
Only
Encouragement
Encouragement is the most powerful method
available for changing a persons beliefs
Helps build self-confidence and stimulates courage
Discouragement is the basic condition that
prevents people from functioning
Clients are encouraged to recognize that they
have the power to choose and to act differently
Phases
Stage # Stage
1
Empathy &
Relationship
Information
Clarification
Encouragement
Support
2
3
Encouragement
4
Tasks to be accomplished
1. Establishing the
relationship
Therapist gets to know the client as a person
Therapy is collaborative
Goals established together prior to start
Awareness of goal discrepancies during
Scripts (Have you ever seen a patient like me
before?)
Games (My previous therapist said the opposite)
Realignment of goals, when necessary
2. Gathering information
Subjective interview
Client tells own story as expert on own life
Therapist listens for clues to clients coping
and approach to life
The Question:
Family constellation
Early recollections
Personality priorities
Integration and summary
Types of interpretation
Of nonverbal behavior: to bring the clients nonverbal behavior
to the attention of the client and interpret it.
Of the therapeutic process: Dealing with what is in the here and
now.
Active Wondering: Proposes an alternative to the presenting
problem.
4. Reorientation &
Reeducation
Encouragement process to build
courage personal growth is encouraged
and reinforced
Change and search for new possibilities
Making a difference through change in
behavior, attitude or perception
Adlerian Theory
The Counseling Process
The Client-Counseling Relationship: Collaborative, egalitarian,
respectful and cooperative.
Understanding the Client: How is the client behaving? What does the
client gain from this behavior? Why does the client do this in this
manner?
Assessment and Analysis: Family Atmosphere and Constellation, Birth
Order, Early Recollections, Dreams, and Priorities.
Adlerian Theory
The Counseling Process (continued)
Insight and Interpretation: Helps the client see his or her priority and
ask whether or not the price for achieving it is worth paying.
Reorientation: Counselor offers alternative ideas or beliefs for the
clients consideration.
Prescribing New Behavioral Rituals: The client is assigned
homework that engages him or her in repetitive acts to reinforce the
clients new belief system, behaviors and rules of interaction.
Adlerian Theory
Strategies for Helping Clients
Restatement: Restating the clients words to form clarity and convey
understanding.
Reflection: Restating the clients words to give deeper meaning
regarding the underlying feeling.
Guesses, Hunches, Hypotheses: Making statements to explain what
is happening.
Questioning: To get a better understanding but also reframe the
symptoms for the client.
Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004
Adlerian Theory
Strategies for Helping Clients (continued)
Interpretation: Takes guesses, hunches and hypotheses one step
further. Focuses on the whys of behavior.
Nonverbal Behavior: Adlerians bring the clients nonverbal behavior to
the attention of the client and interpret it.
Immediacy: Dealing with what is in the here and now.
Active Wondering: Proposes an alternative to the presenting problem.
Adlerian Theory
Strategies for Helping Clients (continued)
Confrontation: Pointing out discrepancies between what the client says
and what the client does.
Paradoxical Intention: Asking the client to amplify target behavior to
show the client how ridiculous it is.
Creating Images: Asks the client to imagine a ridiculous scene as he or
she enters into a threatening situation.
Asking The Question: If your problem were to disappear overnight,
how would things be different?
Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004
Adlerian Theory
Strategies for Helping Clients (continued)
Catching Oneself: Having the client catch himself or herself when
engaging in irrational behavior.
Acting As If: Acting out a role that the client thought impossible.
Spitting in the Soup: Spoiling the game of the client.
Encouragement: Promotes client self-awareness. Clients arent sick
but only discouraged.
Adlerian Theory
Strategies for Helping Clients (continued)
Midas Technique: Exaggerating the clients neurotic demands.
Pleasing Someone: Helps put the client back into society. The client is
instructed to go out and do something nice for someone else.
Avoiding the Tar Baby: Acting contrary to what the client expects.
Adlerian Theory
Advantages
of Adlerian Theory
Adlerian Theory
Disadvantages of Adlerian Theory
The amount of family and lifestyle information that is collected.
Sometimes difficult to do the interpretations, especially the dreams.
Adlerian therapy works best with highly verbal and intelligent clients. This
might leave out many people who do not fit that category.
Might be too lengthy for managed care.
Adlerians do not like to make diagnoses as it labels people.
Carl Jung
"Everything that
irritates us about
others can lead
us to an
understanding of
ourselves."
believed in two
personality types
Introvert someone
who keeps to themselves
and is emotionally selfsufficient
Extrovert- someone
who is outgoing and use
their psychological power
to draw people towards
them
The Theory
Jungs theory divided the human mind into three parts:
The Ego
The Personal Unconscious
The Collective Unconscious
Carl Jung
3 Levels of Consciousness:
Ego
The Personal
Unconscious
Anything that is not presently conscious, but can be. It includes both memories that
are easily brought to mind and those that have been repressed for some reason.
The Collective
Unconscious
The reservoir of our experiences as a species, a kind of knowledge we are all born with (the
collective memories of the entire human race). We are not directly conscious of it but it
influences all our experiences and behaviours.
According to Jung, this is who so many cultures have the same symbols recurring in their
myths, religion, art, and dreams. The common symbols are referred to as archetypes.
Archetypes
Additional Archetypes
Persona: your public personality, aspects
of yourself that you reveal to others.
Shadow: prehistoric fear of wild animals,
represents animal side of human nature.
Anima: feminine archetype in men.
Animus: masculine archetype in women.
Others: God, Hero, Nurturing Mother, Wise
Old Man, Wicked Witch, Devil, Powerful
Father.
Examples of
Archetypes
Family Archetypes:
Story Archetypes:
Animal Archetypes:
Examples of
Archetypes
Examples of
Archetypes
Examples of
Archetypes
Examples of
Archetypes
Introvert and
Extrovert
Basic Personality
Orientations
Introversion: focused inward; the person is
cautious, shy, timid, reflective.
Extroversion: focused outward; the person is
outgoing, sociable, assertive, energetic.
Mental Functions
Thinking: naming and interpreting experience.
Feeling: evaluating an experience for its
emotional worth to us.
Sensing: experiencing the world through the
senses without interpreting or evaluating it.
Intuiting: relating directly to the world without
physical sensation, reasoning, or
interpretation.