Pre-Scrambling Method for PAPR Reduction

in OFDM Communication Systems

By
E. Geetha Rani
14B81D6501

Guided by
Shakeel Ahmed
Senior Asst. Prof

Introduction to OFDM
Definition of OFDM

An Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

(OFDM) is a Frequency Division Multiplexing scheme
used as a Digital multicarrier modulation method. A large
number of closely spaced orthogonal sub-carriers signals
are used to carry data on several parallel data streams or
channels.
It is also called as Quadrature Carrier Multiplexing.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF OFDM

Example of OFDM
Lets we have following information bits
1, 1, -1, -1, 1, 1, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 1, -1, -1,
Just converts the serials bits to parallel bits
C1

C2

C3

C4

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

Example of OFDM cont..

Modulate each column with corresponding sub-carrier using
BPSK

Modulated signal for C1

Modulated signal for C2

Modulated signal for C3

Modulated signal for C4

Example of OFDM cont..

Final OFDM Signal = Sum of all signal
N 1

V (t ) I n (t ) sin( 2nt )
n 0

Generated OFDM signal, V(t)

V(t)

Inter-Symbol-Interference
Transmitted signal:
Received Signals:
Line-of-sight:

Reflected:

The symbols add up

on the channel
Distortion!

Multipath Radio Channel

Delays

Concept of an OFDM signal

Ch.1

Ch.2

Ch.3

Ch.4

Ch.5

Ch.6

Ch.7

Ch.8

Ch.9

Conventional multicarrier techniques

Ch.10

frequency

Ch.2 Ch.4 Ch.6

Ch.8 Ch.10
Ch.1 Ch.3 Ch.5
Ch.7 Ch.9
Saving of bandwidth

50% bandwidth saving

Orthogonal multicarrier techniques

frequency

Disadvantages of OFDM
Peak to average power ratio (PAPR)

x(t )
PAPR
P

avg

The large amplitude variation increases in-band noise and increases

the BER when the signal has to go through amplifier nonlinearities.

The effect of high PAPR

Due to the large number of sub-carriers in typical OFDM

systems, the amplitude of the transmitted signal has a large
dynamic range, leading to in-band distortion and out-of-band
radiation when the signal is passed through the nonlinear
region of power amplifier.

Although the above-mentioned problem can be avoided by

operating the amplifier in its linear region, this inevitably
results in a reduced power efficiency.

The PAPR of the transmit signal is defined as

PAPR

max x t
0 t T
T

1/ T x t dt
0

Bandwidth Regrowth

PAPR in discrete-time case

If we sample x(t) by a sampling rate of 1/Ts (the

sampling period Ts= T/N ), we may miss some signal
peaks and get optimistic results for the PAPR.

For better approximating the true PAPR in the discretetime case, we usually oversample x(t) by a factor of L ,
i.e., the sampling rate is L/Ts .

It was shown in that an oversampling factor L=4 is

sufficient to approximate the true PAPR.

PAPR in discrete-time case

For an OFDM system with N sub-carriers, an oversampling rate
of L can be achieved by inserting (L 1)N zeros in the middle
of the modulated symbol vector to form a 1LN data vector X,
i.e.

X X 0 , X 1 , L , X N / 2 1 , 0,
L
,
0,
X
N
/
2
,
L
,
X
N

14 2 43

1
N

The PAPR computed from the L-times oversampled time-domain

signal samples is given by
2
max xk
0k LN 1
PAPR
2

E xk

The CCDF of the PAPR

The cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the PAPR is one of

the most frequently used performance measures for PAPR
reduction techniques. In the literature, the complementary CDF
(CCDF) is commonly used instead of the CDF itself.

The CCDF of the PAPR denotes the probability that the PAPR of
a data block exceeds a given threshold.

From the central limit theorem, the real and imaginary parts of
the time domain signal samples follow Gaussian distributions,
assuming each distribution with a mean of zero and a variance of
0.5 for a multicarrier signal with a large number of subcarriers.

The CCDF of the PAPR

Hence, the amplitude of a multicarrier signal has a Rayleigh distribution,

while the power distribution becomes a central chi-square distribution with
two degrees of freedom.

The CDF of the instantaneous power of a signal sample is given by

The CCDF of the PAPR of a data block with Nyquist rate sampling is
derived as

F z 1 exp z .

P PAPR z 1 P PAPR z
1 F z

1 1 exp z .
N

This expression assumes that the N time domain signal samples are mutually
independent and uncorrelated.

PAPR Reduction Methods

Distortion
o Clipping
o Peak Windowing and Peak Cancellation
o Companding

Distortion less-Based on Scrambling

o Selected Mapping (SLM)
o Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS)

Others
o

Active Constellation Extension (ACE)

Tone Reservation (TR)

Clipping
By distorting the OFDM signal amplitude, a kind
of self-interference introduced that degrades the
BER.
Nonlinear
radiation.

distortion

increases

out-of-band

Clipping causes significant In-band distortion

and Out-of-band radiation in the signal spectrum
and results in BER performance degradation.

Companding

Companding

Peak Windowing
Symbol (QPSK) of sub-carrier i at time k
Other symbol-alphabets can be used as well
(BPSK, m-QAM)
Baseband signal is generated by DSP
s BB ,i ,k (t ) w(t kT ) xi ,k exp j 2 if (t kT )
Window function

Sub-carrier

xi,k

Im
Re

Limitations of Distortion Techniques

The Nonlinear distortion techniques introduces a
kind of self-interference and increases the level
of the out-of-band radiation.

Selected mapping (SLM)

SLM method generates M independent data
sequences from the same sequence whose length
is N and chooses the sequence to have the lowest
PAPR among these.
A first cluster does not give the phase change.
We give

Selected mapping (SLM)

Selected mapping (SLM)

1.

A set of U markedly different, distinct, pseudo-random but

fixed
vectors P(u) = [P0(u) ,, PN-1(u) ], with
(u )
n

jn( u )

, n(u ) [0, 2 ), 0 n N , 1 u U

must be defined.

2.

The subcarrier vector A is multiplied subcarrier-wise with each

one
of the U( u )vectors P(u), then resulting to component
(u )
An An Pn , 0 n N , 1 u U .

3.

Then all U alternative( u )subcarrier vectors

are transformed into
(u )
( u%)
a

IDFT
{
A
}
%
a

a
time domain to get
and finally that
transmit sequence with the lowest PAPR is chosen.

For implementation, the SLM technique needs U IDFT

operations, and the number of required side information bits is
log 2 U
y
, denotes the smallest integer that exceed y.

PAPR reduction performance of SLM

N = 256, L = 4, 16-QAM,
Pn( u ) {1, 1, j, j}.

Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS)

Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS)

Partial transmit sequence (PTS)

Partial transmit sequence (PTS)

Partial transmit sequence (PTS)

In general, the selection of the phase factors is limited to a set with a
finite number of elements to reduce the search complexity.
j 2 n /W
P

e
| n 0,1,K ,

The set of allowed phase factors is written as

, where W is the number of allowed phase factors.
W 1

In addition, we can set

b(1) without
1
any loss of performance.

M 1
W
Hence,
sets of phase factors are searched to find the optimum
set of phase factors.

PTS needs M IDFT operations for each dataM 1block, and the number
log 2 W
of required side information bits is
.

PAPR reduction performance of PTS

N = 256, L = 4, 16-QAM, exhausted research for W

W=2 means [+1,-1], W=4 means [+1, -1, +1j, -1j].

M 1

Example of OFDM
Lets we have following information bits
1, 1, -1, -1, 1, 1, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 1, -1, -1,
Just converts the serials bits to parallel bits
C1

C2

C3

C4

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

Ranking of PAPR

Block diagram of Pre-Scrambling

Method

Results
For a spectrum of 1000 sets of randomly generated data in
time domain when the number of sub carriers is 16. The
maximum PAPR of 1000 random data is 9.5 dB
Theoretical Peak value of the data without PAPR reduction
method is 12 dB
The Peak Value decreases to 8 dB by pre-scrambling method
The Pre- Scrambling method has 0.5 dB performance gain
over conventional PTS and considering the data which has
high PAPR value (Worst Case)
PTS requires several IFFT operations which lead to problem
of real time transmission because of transmission delay. But
this problem is solved in Pre- Scrambling Method