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EVIDENCE
Learning Objectives
Define what is DNA and appreciate the
importance of its analysis in crime
investigation;
Describe types of trace and biological
evidence.
Define Transfer evidence.
Explain the importance of maintaining
the integrity of physical evidence.
Describe methods used to locate
evidence at a crime scene.
Describe the importance of scene
documentation in successful case
Learning Objectives
Enumerate priorities for collecting
biological evidence.
Define situations that require control
and reference samples to be collected.
Describe procedures used to collect,
mark, package, and submit wet and
dry biological evidence .
Enumerate limitations of DNA as an
evidence.
Describe issues of DNA evidence in
the Philippine Courts
Definition of Terms:
DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid)
The abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid, which is the genetic
material present in the cells of all living organisms. DNA is
fundamental building block for an individuals entire genetic
make-up
CELL
The smallest component of life capable of independent
reproduction and from which DNA is isolated for forensic
analysis.
CHROMOSOME
The biological structure by which hereditary information is
physically transmitted from one generation to the next.
NUCLEAR DNA VS
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA
Childs Cell
MOTHER
FATHER
INDIVIDUAL
46 CHROMOSOMES
Normal Male
Shows 23 pairs of chromosomes. Twenty two pairs are called autosomes, 1 pair is
called the sex chromosomes ; XY in a male. Males are associated with secondary
sexual characteristics abundant facial hair, voice, others. Differences are also
evident in the genitalia.
Normal Female
Shows 23 pairs as in the male, but sex chromosomes are represented by XX. Females also have
different physical features from males. A Barr body is also present in cells of the female,
representing an inactivated X chromosome.
DEOXYRIBONUCLEI
ACID
C
DNA
is your genetic blueprint.
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION
DNA MOLECULE
STRUCTURE OF DNA
ATGCATGGGCCATTGC
TACGTACCCGGTAACG
STRUCTURE OF DNA
DNA
DNA is constructed like a ladder...
...a ladder that has been grabbed at both ends and twisted
DNA is like a ladder...
Twisted
STRUCTURE OF DNA
DNA OVERVIEW
FROM THE WHOLE TO THE
MICROSCOPIC PARTS
DNA in the
Cell
100 trillio
Number of Chromosomes
23
pairs
Length of DNA in each cell
2
meters
Size
of genome in base pairs
3 billion
Length of DNA in a person
150
trillion
m from earth to sun
Distance
150
billion m
Each person has enough DNA to go to
the sun and back 500 times!!
DNA Casework
Processing
DNA Amplification
Releasing of Report
Applications of DNA
Analysis
Criminal Investigations matching
suspect with
evidence
Parentage Testing identifying parent(s)
Historical investigations archeologist
Missing persons
investigations
Mass disasters positive
identification of the deceased
DNA databases
Perspirati
Blood
on
Semen
Brain
Bone
Etc
SOURCES of BIOLOGICAL
SAMPLES:
Muscle tissues
Hai
r
Teeth
Body fluids
- blood
- semen
- saliva
- sweat
- urine
Bones
Facts on DNA
Physical vs Biological
Evidence
Physical evidence is
any tangible object that
can connect an offender
to a crime scene.
Biological evidence,
which contains DNA, is a
type of physical
evidence.
However, biological
evidence is not always
visible to the naked eye.
Possible Location
of DNA evidence
Sources of DNA
Baseball bat
or similar
weapon
Handle, end
Hat,
bandanna,
mask
Inside
Facial tissue,
cotton swab
Surface area
Dirty laundry
Surface area
toothpick
Surface area
Saliva, blood
Fingernail,
partial
fingernail
scrapings
Through and
Outside surface
Blood, tissue
Possible Location
of DNA evidence
Sources of DNA
Saliva
Stamp
or
envelop
Licked area
Saliva
Tape or
ligature
Inside /outside
surface
Skin, sweat
Bottle, can, or
glasses
Side, mouthpiece
Saliva, sweat,
Bite mark
Persons skin or
clothing
saliva
Used condom
Inside/outside
surface
Semen, vaginal or
rectal cells
Blanket,
pillow, sheet
Surface area
tissue
cigarette butt
fingernails
Broken window
DNA Evidence
Collection
And
Preservation
Collection Priority
The first Priority are
trace materials and
evidence of a fragile
nature.
The second priority
would be to collect swabs
from handled items that
have been moved, are out
of place or do not belong
to the resident.
A third priority type of
evidence that may be at
the scene includes the
potentially lower-quality
biological evidence.
COLLECTION OF DNA
EVIDENCE
As a general rule
air dry any sample
taken. If it is in the
form of tissues, freeze
and transport in ice.
If DNA evidence
is not properly
documented,
collected,
packaged, and
preserved, it will
not meet the
legal and
scientific
requirements for
admissibility in a
court of law.
GENERAL
GUIDELINES
Degradation
of biological
CONTAMINATION OF DNA
EVIDENCE
Contamination of
samples, either by
coming into contact
with each other, or
with DNA from a
person handling the
sample, can lead to
uninterpretable
DNA results.
Non-traditional Locations of
DNA Evidence
A threatening letter was
sent to a newspaper
editor. The FBI Lab
sampled the envelope
flap and recovered
some cells (saliva) that
were then typed for
DNA. The profile from
the envelope flap was
compared to a known
suspects profile and
was found to match.
Non-traditional Location
Example:
Saliva
Non-traditional Location
Example: Gunshot
Collection
Procedures
Personal Protection
BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS CAN CONTAIN PATHOGENS
SUCH AS:
Hepatitis
Syphilis
TB
Gonorrhea
Measles
HIV
NOTE: Assume that all stains, wet or dry, are
infectious!
Special Situations
Procedures for collecting
wet stains on absorbent
substances are as
follows:
1. Scoop a thin layer
of soil (or sand).
2. Allow to
thoroughly air-dry.
Special Situations
For Liquid Containers:
Empty liquid containers by poking a hole in the
bottom to avoid liquid contact with the mouth
area.
Swab mouth area of the container using sterile
cotton swabs. Package in paper envelope.
Submit entire item if swabbing is not possible.
Request test for both DNA and latent fingerprints.
Mark aluminum cans for "Room Temperature
Storage," as cold or frozen storage causes
condensation on metal, which may dilute
biological evidence.
Scraping method.
Use a new or clean scalpel blade to scrape the stains from the
surface.
Collect the flakes onto clean paper and fold the paper in a bindle.
If the stain is on wood, shave the area of the bloodstain with a
new or clean scalpel blade.
Cigarette Butts
Select only the cigarette
butts that may be of
evidentiary value.
Collect individually
Air dry before packaging in
PAPER envelope
Do NOT handle with your
bare fingers.
Do NOT include the ashes.
Fingernail Clippings,
Swabs, Scrapings
Fingernail clippings are generally preferred where possible.
Fingernail Clippings
Fingernail Swabs
Fingernail Scrapings
Hair
Collect all questioned hairs
from the scene that have
possible evidentiary value.
Note position of hairs in the
crime scene.
Use clean forceps or gloves to
collect.
Place in druggist folds; try not
to bend samples.
Avoid damaging the root of the
hair.
Air dry if wet, prior to
packaging.
Combing: Using clean exam
paper and comb thoroughly
Secondary Standard
Secondary standards are collected when collection of
primary standards is impossible, such as in cases of missing
victims.
Buccal swabs from parents, or
Buccal swabs from child and wife, or
Buccal swabs from a known identical twin/
Personal Belongings such as toothbrush, razor,
Thoroughly air-dry samples.
Package in paper envelopes/ bags.
hairbrush.
Examples of DNA
Evidence
According to Nature of
Case
remember DNA is a
transfer evidence
Rape
From Victim:
Stained underwear
or clothing
Vaginal Swabs
Fingernail Clippings
Standard
From Suspect
Clothing with
bloodstain
Standard
From Crime Scene
Seminal stains
Bloodstains
Stabbing Incident
From Victim:
Fingernail Clippings
Standard
From Suspect
Clothing with
bloodstain
Standard
Weapon
From Crime Scene
Bloodstains
Shooting Incident
From Victim:
Fingernail Clippings
Standard
From Suspect
Clothing with
bloodstain
Standard
Weapon
From Crime Scene
Bloodstains
HANDLING OF BIOLOGICAL
EVIDENCE FOR DNA
EXAMINATION
CHAIN OF CUSTODY
Record of individuals who
have had physical
possession of the evidence.
Integrity of chain of
custody
The fewer people handling
the evidence, the better,
the lesser chance of
contamination and a shorter
chain of custody for court
admissibility hearings.
SEAL
Seal maintains the
integrity of the specimen;
to further prove that no
tampering took placed.
May use commercially
available tamper-proof
evidence tapes.
May use scotch or masking
tapes, marked, initialed, or
signed for tamper proofing.
Do not use staples.
MARKINGS on
Evidence
Markings on Evidence
A.Case number.
B.Identifier (letters, numbers, or
combination)
C. Time and date of collection.
***It is also important to note the
place or location where the
evidence was collected.
Markings on Evidence
DATE AND TIME OF
COLLECTION
08-12-2012
0600H
STAIN
CASE
NUMBER
IDENTIFIE
R
Ideal Manner of
Packaging
Ideal Manner of
Packaging
Integrity seal
Initial/Signatur
e of the
Collecting
Officer/who did
the packaging
Ideal Manner of
Packaging
Ideal Manner of
Packaging
Ideal Manner of
Packaging
Turned-over
b y:
Received by
:
Improvised Manner of
Packaging IDENTIFIE
R
SOCO CASE
NUMBER
SPECIMEN
DESCRIPTION
LOCATION WHERE
SPECIMEN WAS
FOUND
TIME & DATE OF
COLLECTION
NAME AND
SIGNATURE OF
COLLECTOR
Improvised Manner of
Packaging
SEALS (Scotch
tape)WITH
SIGNATURE OR
INITIALS OR ANY
IDENTIFIER FOR THE
LIMITATIONS
DNA cannot be used to:
Tell how long the suspect was at
the crime scene.
Tell how long the suspect handled
an object.
Determine how long ago the cells
were deposited on the item.
LIMITATIONS
Environmental factors such as
heat, bacteria and mold can
destroy DNA evidence.
Identical twins share identical
DNA.
DNA can not be used to
determine WHEN the suspect
was at the crime scene.
Took effect
CASE
STUDY
Case no.1: Paternity
Facts of the case: A wealthy old man died
of natural causes. No last will and
testament was ever recorded by him. He
had one (1) legitimate child and two (2)
illegitimate children. To settle things, his
three (3) closest friends asked the services
of
the DNA-lab
retrieve
specimens
Question:
Whatto
the
purpose
of askingfrom
the
the
old man
forlaboratory?
future references.
services
of the
Answer: His three (3) closest friends
blackmailed the legitimate child into
giving them 1/3 of the old mans wealth
or they will go public.
Php
Concentrate on what
cannot lie..The
evidence
Grissom
- Gil
Thank You!