SPECIAL MOTOR

( SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR )

Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysia France Institute

FEB 24083 Electrical Machines
MOHD YUSOFF MOHD YUNUS

 More single phase ac induction

motors use than total of all the

other types.
Least expensive
Lowest maintenance

More commonly used, where portable or mobile equipment is required.

Floor polishing equipment, cement mixer, pressure washers,

portable conveyor, etc.
Widely used due to economics, practicality and electrical safety.

Basic Principles
The stator field in the single phase motor
does not rotate.
Voltage is induced in the rotor will result of
magnetic induction.
Thus, magnetic field is produced around
the rotor.
This field will always be in opposition to
the stator field.
The interaction between the rotor and
stator fields will not produce rotation.

STARTING SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

These starting technique differ in cost and in the amount
of starting torque produced.
The three major starting technique are :
1.
2.
3.

Split phase winding

Capacitor type winding
Shaded stator poles

Split phase
winding
I

IM

Centrifugal
switch

RM

VAC
IA

jX M
jX A

RA

RA RM

jX A jX M

Auxiliary
winding

consists of a main stator winding ( M ) and auxiliary winding ( A ).

Aux. winding is designed to be switched out of the circuit at some speed by
centrifugal switch.
Aux. winding have a higher resistance / reactance ratio than the main winding.
Current in Aux. winding leads the current in the main winding.
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Capacitor-Start Motors ( CSIR )

With the capacitor in the circuit, starting current now leads the line voltage
rather than lagging as does the main winding.
Start winding containing slightly more turns in its coils than the main
winding.
New resultis a time phase shift closer to 90 degrees than with the split
phase motor. A stronger rotating field is therefore created and
starting torque is higher than with the split phase design.
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 A centrifugal switch and mechanism ( or relay ) must be used to protect

the start winding and capacitor from overheating.
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Permanently Split Capacitor Motors ( PSC )

Windings are arranged like split phase and capacitor start designs.
Capacitor capable of running continuously replaces the intermittent
duty capacitor of the capacitor start motor and the centrifugal switch
of both the split phase and capacitor-start motors.
Current lags the line voltage.
Start winding and capacitor remain in the circuit at all times.
Produces an approximation of two phase operation at the rated load point.
This result better efficiency, better power factor.
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 Different starting and running characteristic can be achieved by

varying the rotor resistance.
In addition, by adding extra main winding in series with the original main
windings, PSC motors can be designed to operate at different speeds.
For full load torque, less breakdown torque and therefore a smaller motor
is required with the other previously discussed designs.
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Capacitor Start-Capacitor Run Motors ( CSCR )

Have a run capacitor and an auxiliary winding permanently connected

in parallel with the main winding.
in addition, a starting capacitor and a centrifugal switch are also in parallel
with the run capacitor.
The switch disconnects as the motor accelerates.
CSCR utilizes the same winding as the permanently split capacitor when
running a full load speed and the same winding as a capacitor-start
motor during startup.
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 The advantage of CSCR is derived from start winding and run capacitor
remain in the circuit at all times. ( similar to PSC ).
and produce an approximation of two phase operation at the rated load
point, plus with an additional capacitor in series with the start winding
circuit ( similar to Capacitor-start motor ),
The starting current leads the line voltage, rather than lagging as does
the main winding. This will result increasing starting torque.
CSCR feature a low running current due to an improved power factor
caused by the run capacitor.
This results better efficiency, better power factor, increasing starting
torque.
CSCR is a combination of the Capacitor-start and PSC.
The best of the single phase motor.

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16

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Analysis of Equivalent circuit

Rs

jX s

jX L
2

I 'S

IS

jX m
2

R 'r
2s

Eaf (Forward )

Im
jX L
2

IS
VS
Im
jX m
2

Eab (Backward )

R'r
2(2 s)

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Where :
Rs
Rr
Xm
XL
Im
Is
Is
s
Eaf
Eab

= stator winding
= rotor winding
= magnetizing reactance
= leakage reactance
= magnetizing current
= actual stator current
= effective stator current ( Is Im )
= Slip
= forward emf
= backward emf

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Calculation of forward , backward impedance and total impedance

Rr '
Z f ( jX L
) // jX M Rf jXf
s
Rr '
Z b ( jX L
) // jX M Rb jXb
2s
Z eq Rs jX S 0.5Z f 0.5Z b
Calculation input current ( stator current ) and power factor

Is

Vs0
Z eq

Is Is
Pf Cos ( )

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Calculation input power and air gap power

Pi VsIsCos
Pag ,( f ) Is 2 (0.5 R f )
Pag ,( b ) Is 2 (0.5 Rb )
Pag Pag ,( f ) Pag ,( b )
Calculation of Mechanical power, output power and efficiency

Pm (1 s ) Pag
Po Pm Pw
Po

x100%
Pi
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Calculation of generated torque and output ( shaft ) torque

Tg

60 Pag
Pag
9.55
2Ns
Ns

To

60 Po
Po
9.55
2Nr
Nr

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Example :
A single phase induction motor has the following data :
1 Hp, two pole, 240 V, 50 Hz.
Stator winding, Rs = 1.6
Rotor winding ( referred to stator ), Rr = 6.02
Magnetizing reactance, Xm = 63.2
Leakage reactance, XL = 8.68
Calculate the shaft torque and efficiency when the motor is operating
at a speed of 2800 r/min with rotational losses, Pw = 70 W

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Solution
120 f
120 x50

3000rpm
p
2
Ns Nr 3000 2800
s

0.067
Ns
3000
Ns

Zf ( jXr

Rr
6.02
) // jXm ( j8.68
) // j 63.2 49.5956.86 27.11 j 41.52
s
0.067

Zb ( jXr

Rr
6.02
) // jXm ( j8.68
) // j 63.2 8.0972.74 2.4 j 7.73
2s
1.933

Is

Vs
2400

8.11 56.4 A
Rs 0.5Zf 0.5Zb 1.6 0.5(27.11 j 41.52) 0.5(2.4 j 7.73)

Pf cos cos(56.4) 0.55

Pag , ( f ) Is 2 (0.5 Rf ) 8.112 (0.5)(27.11) 891.5W
Pag , (b) Is2 (0.5 Rb) 8.112 (0.5)( 2.4) 78.9W
Pag 891.5 78.9 812.6W

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Pm (1 s ) Pag (1 0.067)(812.6) 758.2W

Pi VsIsCos ( 240)(8.11)(0.55) 1070.5W
Po Pm Pw 758.2 70 688.2W

688.2
x100% 64.28%
1070.5

To

60 Po
60 x 688.2

2.347 Nm
2Nr
2x 2800

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Exercise:
A single phase induction motor has the following data :
1 Hp, two pole, 110 V, 50 Hz.
Stator winding, Rs = 1.52
Stator inductance, Xs = 2.1
Rotor winding ( referred to stator ), Rr = 3.13
Magnetizing reactance, Xm = 58.2
Leakage reactance, XL = 1.56
When the motor is operating at a slip of 0.05 with rotational losses,
Pw = 35 W. Determine :a. Zf, Zb and Is.
b. Pag,( f ), Pag, ( b ) and Pag.
c. Pm, Po and Efficiency.

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