Chapter 3

Demand and Supply

Analysis

Lecture Plan

Objectives
Demand
Types of demand
Determinants of demand
Demand function
Law of demand
Demand schedule and individual demand curve
Market demand
Change in demand
Exceptions to the law of demand
Supply
Supply schedule and supply curve
Change in supply
Market equilibrium
Determination of market equilibrium
Changes in market equilibrium
2

Chapter Objectives
To introduce the basics of demand and supply
and their relevance in economic decision
making.
To analyze the different determinants of demand
and supply and their effects on demand and
supply curves.
To help develop an understanding of demand
and supply functions in determining market
equilibrium.
To introduce the concepts of market equilibrium
and disequilibrium.

Demand
The process to satisfy human wants/ needs/desires.
Want: having a strong desire for something
Need: lack of means of subsistence
Desire: an aspiration to acquire something
Demand: effective desire
Demand is that desire which backed by willingness and
ability to buy a particular commodity.
Amount of the commodity which consumers are willing
to buy per unit of time, at that price.
Things necessary for demand:
Time
Price of the commodity
Amount (or quantity) of the commodity consumers are
willing to purchase at the price
4

Types of Demand
Direct and Derived Demand
Direct demand is for the goods as they are such as
Consumer goods
Derived demand is for the goods which are demanded
to produce some other commodities; e.g. Capital goods

Recurring and Replacement Demand

Recurring demand is for goods which are consumed at
frequent intervals such as food items, clothes.
Durables are purchased to be used for a long period of
time
Wear and tear over time needs replacement

Complementary and Competing Demand

Some goods are jointly demanded hence are
complementary in nature, e.g. software and hardware,
car and petrol.
Some goods compete with each other
for demand
5
because they are substitutes to each other, e.g. soft

Types of Demand
Contd

Demand for Consumer Goods and Capital Goods

Consumer goods are bought by the ultimate consumers
for their personal use
Capital goods are used as inputs in the production of
other goods and services

Demand for Perishable and Durable Goods

Durables: Last for a relatively long time and can be
consumed multiple times
Demand can be postponed

Non-durables:
Perishable: These must be consumed immediately
Non-perishable: These do not get spoilt as quickly as perishables

Individual and Market Demand

Individual demand: Demand for an individual consumer
Market demand: Demand by all consumers
6

Determinants of Demand
Price of the product
Single most important determinant
Negative effect on demand
Higher the price-lower the demand

Income of the consumer

Normal goods: demand increases with increase in
consumers income
Inferior goods: demand falls as income rises

Price of related goods

Substitutes
If the price of a commodity increases, demand for its
substitute rises.
Complements
If the price of a commodity increases, quantity
demanded of its complement falls.
7

Determinants of Demand
Contd

Tastes and preferences

Very significant in case of consumer goods

Expectation of future price changes

Gives rise to tendency of hoarding of durable
goods

Population
Size, composition and distribution of population
will influence demand

Advertising
Very important in case of competitive markets

Demand Function
Interdependence between demand for a product
and its determinants can be shown in a
mathematical functional form
Dx = f(Px, Y, Py, T, A, N)

Independent variables: Px, Y, Py, T, A, N

Dependent variable: Dx
Px: Price of x
Y: Income of consumer
Py: Price of other commodity
T: Taste and preference of consumer
A: Advertisement
N: Macro variable like inflation, population growth,
economic growth
9

Law of Demand
A special case of demand function which shows relation
between price and demand of the commodity
Dx = f(Px)
Other things remaining constant, when the price of a
commodity rises, the demand for that commodity falls or
when the price of a commodity falls, the demand for that
commodity rises.
Price bears a negative relationship with demand
Reasons
Substitution Effect : When the price of a commodity falls
(rises), its substitutes become more (less) expensive
assuming their price has not changed.
Income Effect: When the price of a particular commodity
falls, the consumers real income rises, hence the
purchasing power of the individual rises.
Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility: as a person
consumes successive units of a commodity, the utility
derived from every next unit (marginal unit) 10falls.

Demand Schedule and Individual

Demand Curve

Price (Rs
per cup)

Demand
(000
cups)

15

50

20

40

25

30

30

20

35

10

e
35
Price of Coffee

Point
on
Demand
Curve

30

25

20

15
O

10

20

40 50
30
Quantity of coffee

11

Market Demand
Market: interaction between sellers and buyers of
a good (or service) at a mutually agreed upon
price.
Market demand
Aggregate of individual demands for a commodity
at a particular price per unit of time.
Sum total of the quantities of a commodity that all
buyers in the market are willing to buy at a given
price and at a particular point of time (ceteris
paribus)

Market demand curve: horizontal summation of

individual demand curves
12

Change in Demand
Shift in demand curve from
Price

D1
D2

D0

Q2

Q1

Quantity

D0 to D1
More is demanded at same
price (Q1>Q)
Increase
in
demand
caused by:
A rise in the price of a
substitute
A fall in the price of a
complement
A rise in income
A
redistribution
of
income towards those
who
favour
the
commodity
A change in tastes that
favours the commodity
Shift in demand curve from
13
D0 to D2

Exceptions to the Law of Demand

Law of demand may not operate due to the
following reasons:
Giffen Goods
Snob Appeal
Demonstration Effect
Future Expectation of Prices (Panic buying)
Addiction
Neutral goods
Life saving drugs
Salt

Amount of income spent

Match box
14

Supply
Indicates the quantities of a good or service that
the seller is willing and able to provide at a price,
at a given point of time, other things remaining
the same.
Supply of a product X (Sx) depends upon:

Price of the product (Px)

Cost of production (C)

State of technology (T)
Government policy regarding taxes
subsidies (G)
Other factors like number of firms (N)
Hence the supply function is given as:
15
Sx = (Px, C, T, G, N)

and

Law of Supply

Point on
Supply
Curve

Price
(Rs. Per
cup)

Supply
(000 cups
per month)

15

10

20

20

25

30

30

45

35

60

Price of Coffee

Law of Supply states that other things remaining the same,

the higher the price of a commodity the greater is the
quantity supplied.
Price of the product is revenue to the supplier; therefore
higher price means greater revenue to the supplier and
hence greater is the incentive to supply.
Supply bears a positive relation to the price of the
commodity.
Supply Schedule
Supply Curve
35
e

30
25

20

15
0

a
10

20

16

30 40 50 60
Quantity of Coffee

Change in Supply

Price

S2
S0
S1

Q2

Q0

Q1

Quantity

Shift in the supply curve

from S0 to S1
More is supplied at each
price (Q1>Q)
Increase in supply caused
by:
Improvements in the
technology
Fall in the price of inputs
Shift in the supply curve
from S0 to S2
Less is supplied at each
price (Q2<Q)
Decrease in supply caused
by:
A rise in the price of
inputs 17

Market Equilibrium
Equilibrium occurs at the price where the quantity
demanded and the quantity supplied are equal to
each other.
Price
S

25

D
O

30

Quantity

Demand
(000 cups/
month)

Price
(Rs)

Supply
(000 cups/
month)

15

10

50

20

15

40

25

30

30

30

45

15

35

70

10

18

Market Equilibrium
For prices below the equilibrium
Quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied (D>S)
Price pulled upward

For prices above the equilibrium

Quantity demanded is less than quantity supplied
(D<S)
Price pulled downward.
Price
S
30
25

20
D
O

15 30

45

Quantity

Price
(Rs)

Supply
(000 cups/
month)

Demand
(000 cups/
month)

15

10

50

20

15

40

25

30

30

30

45

15

35

70

10

19

Changes in Market Equilibrium

(Shifts in Supply Curve)
The

original
point
of
equilibrium is at E, the point
of intersection of curves D1
and S1, at price P and
quantity Q
An increase in supply shifts
the supply curve to S2
Price falls to P2 and quantity
rises to Q2, taking the new
equilibrium to E2
A decrease in supply shifts
the supply curve to S0. Price
rises to P0 and quantity falls
to
Q0
taking
the
new
equilibrium to E0
Thus an increase in supply
raises quantity but lowers
price, while a decrease in

Price

S0
S1

D1
P0
P
P2

S2

E0
E
S0

E2

S1
S2

D1
Q0 Q Q2

20

Quantity

Changes in Market Equilibrium

(Shifts in Demand Curve)

Price
D2
S1

D1
D0

E1

P1

P
P*

E2
D2
S1

The
original
point
of
equilibrium is at E, the point
of intersection of curves D1
and S1, at price P and
quantity Q

An increase in demand
shifts the demand curve to
D2

D0
Q* Q

Q1

Quantity

A decrease in demand shifts

the demand curve to D0

D1

Price rises to P1 and quantity rises

to Q1 taking the new equilibrium
to E1

Price falls to P* and quantity falls

to Q* taking the new equilibrium
to E2.

Thus, an increase in
demand raises both price
and
quantity,
while
a
21
decrease in demand lowers

Change in Both Demand and Supply

D2

Price

D1

S1
S2

E1
P1
P2

E2

S1
O

D2

S2

D1
Q1 Q 2

Quantity

Whether price will rise, or

remain at the same level,
or will fall, will depend on:
the magnitude of shift
and
the shapes of the
demand and supply
curves.
Therefore, an increase in
both supply and demand
will cause the sales to
rise, but the effect on
price can be:
Positive (D increases
more than S)
Negative (S increases
more than
D)
22
No change (increase in

Summary

Demand is defined as the desire to acquire a commodity to satisfy

human wants, which is backed by ability to pay the price.
Categories of demand are made on the basis of the nature of
commodity demanded (consumer goods and capital goods); time
unit for which it is demanded (short run and long run); relation
between two goods (substitutes and complements), etc.
The law of demand states that the consumers will buy more of the
commodity when prices are high and less when prices are low,
provided all the other factors of demand remains constant.
Demand for a product X (Dx) is a function of price of the
commodity X (Px), income of the consumer (Y), price of related
(substitutes or complements) commodities (Po), tastes and
preference of the consumer (T), advertising (A), future
expectations (Ef), population and economic growth (N).
A change in quantity demanded denotes movements along the
demand curve due to a change in price, while a change in demand
denotes a rightwards or leftward shift of the demand curve due to
a change in the other determinants of demand other than price.
23

Summary

Supply is defined as the willingness to produce and sell the

commodity by production units or firms.
The law of supply states that firms will sell more of the commodity
when prices are high and less of the commodity when prices are
low provided all the other factors of supply remains constant.
Supply of a product X (Sx) is a function of price of the product (Px),
cost of production (C), state of technology (T), Government policy
regarding taxes and subsidies (G), other factors like number of
firms (N).
Change in quantity supplied refers to movements along the same
supply curve due to change in the price of the commodity.
However when change in supply is associated with change in the
factors like costs of production, technology, etc. it causes a shift
of the supply curve upwards or downwards
Market equilibrium occurs where demand and supply are equal.
This equilibrium determines the price in the market through the
forces of demand and supply. Comparative statics is the process
of comparison between two equilibrium situations.
An increase in both supply and demand will cause the sales to
rise, but the effect on price can be positive, negative or equal to
24
zero, depending on the extent of the shifts in the
demand and