Fire Prevention & Control

Our principle shall be ;

Fire Chemistry
Definition of FIRE :- Combustion reaction where heat and flame
is evolved.

FUEL + O2

Heat

CO2 + CO

FIRE =
Flammable vapour or gas (FUEL)
+
Air in correct proportion (O2)
+
Source of ignition (Naked Flame)
+
Chain reaction

Fire Chemistry

He
at

Ai
r

FIRE TRIANGLE
Fuel

FUEL : Vapour Stage

AIR
: Oxygen
HEAT : Naked or Excess Temp.

Fire Tree
Heat stage - uncontrollable heat,
large amount of smoke etc.

Flame stage
- flame starts,
smoke increases
Smoking stage - visible smoke
Incipient stage - no visible smoke

Few Terminology
Flash point; It is the lowest temperature at which
the substance gives off sufficient vapour to be
ignited at the surface. The concentration of vapour
above this temp forms an ignitable mixture with
air.
Flammability limits: These limits give the range
between the lowest and highest concentration of
vapour in air that will burn or explode when an
ignition source (such as a spark or open flame) is
present.
The concentration is generally expressed as
percent fuel by volume.

Few Terminology
Fire Load; Amount of combustible matter
present that can act as a fuel to feed a hostile
fire.
Unit - kg / m2.

Hot Work; Any work using open flames or

sources of heat that could ignite materials in
the work area.

CLASS OF FIRE

FIRE INVOLVING

Solid combustible materials such

as
Ordinary carbon matter;
Paper;
Wood;
Plastics
etc.,

FIRE INVOLVING
Liquids such as
* Oil
* Petroleum
* Solvents
* Grease
* Paints etc.,

FIRE INVOLVING

* L.P.G
* GASEOUS SUBSTANCE UNDER
PRESSURE

FIRE INVOLVING

Minerals and metals such as, but not limited to;

Magnesium
Sodium
Potassium
Flammable metals

etc.,

METHODS OF
EXTINGUISHING

STARVATION

STARVATION

REMOVE FUEL

VACATE PEOPLE

BLANKETING
*

CLOSE THE AIR

ENTRANCE

TRAP THE SMOKE

MAINTAIN THE SAME

FOR SOME TIME

COOLING

COOLING

*
CONTROL THE
FLOW OF HEAT
&
THE
CHAIN
REACTION BY
POURING WATER
OR
ANY
OTHER
COOLING MEDIUM

EXTINGUISHING MEDIA
CLASS A (PAPER ,WOOD)

- WATER

CLASS B (OIL)

- FOAM, DCP

CLASS C (GASES)

- DCP,CO2,

CLASS D (METAL)

- SP. POWDER

Fire Extinguishers Media

Water

High cooling capacity;

Non-toxic;
Inexpensive and readily available;
Effective on solid combustibles (Class A Fires);
Flammable liquids (Class B -45C and above) where
it is applied as a spray;
Not effective on Class C fires;
Not to be used on Electric fires.

Fire Extinguishers Media

Foam
Due to its light weight, creates blanketing effect;
Shall be applied on the surface of a container of the liquid;
Cuts off oxygen supply and thus smothers;

Powder
Several chemicals used to make extinguishing powders.
Efficient in the extinction of Class A, B & C Fires.
Extinction of solids by forming a flame- retardant layer on the surface
of the material.
On Electrical Installations
To be cleaned off;
Corrosion problem;

Fire Extinguishers Media

Gas
Gases used are carbon dioxide and
HALON agents, non-conductive gaseous
agents and therefore are normally used for
electrical fires;
Do not leave undesirable residue;
Suitable for Class B fires and Class A fires
where these have not become deep-seated.

Fire Chart
Extingsuihing Agent / Principle
Type of Fuel
Class "A",
Solid fuels
Class "B"
Liquid fuels
Class "C",
Gas fuels
Class "D",
Metals
Fires Intiated
from electric
1st Option
2nd Option
Not Suitable

Water /
Cooling

Foam /
Powder /
Gas /
Blanketing Blanketing Blanketing

ABC
Stored
Pressure

PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

1) WATER TYPE
1. SODA ACID (Obsolete)
2. STORED PRESSURE

2)FOAM TYPE
1. Chemical
2. Mechanical

3)DRY CHEMICAL POWDER TYPE

4) CARBON DI-OXIDE TYPE

Plunger knob

Inner chamber
(Aluminum sulfate)

Outer chamber(sodium
Bi-carbonate)

Mechanical Foam Type Fire

Extinguishers
Extinguishes
smothering method,

by

Construction
Aqueous Film Forming
Foam (AFFF) solution;
CO2
expel the foam
solution;

FOAM TYPE FIRE EXTINGUISHER

Capacity -9 ltrs./18ltr./150ltr.
Solution A -inner chamber (Aluminum sulfate)
solution B - outer chamber(sodium Bi-carbonate)
Foam ratio =8-9 times (Approx.. 72 lit.)
1)Remove the EXT. Keep a distance about 4-5 Mt.
2)Pull the plunger knob hard and invert the EXT.2-3
times.
3) Direct the jet of foam to cover the complete area.
DISCHARGE TIME - 1.1/2Minutes TO 2 Minutes
RANGE -4-6 m.

DRY CHEMICAL POWDER

TYPE
Plunger knob

Discharge Hose
Cartridge

Dry Chemical Powder Type

Construction
Sodium bi carbonate
powder;
CO2 Gas cartridge;

Operation
Remove the safety clip;
Hold the discharge hose
firmly
and
press
the
plunger;
Na2CO3 will be thrown out;

Co2 Type Fire Extinguishers

Plunger knob

Co2 Gas

Carbon di-Oxide Type

Extinguishes
fire
smothering methods;
Suitable for fighting;

by

Flammable liquids;
Gases;
Fires starting from electrical,

Hold insulated part of the

discharge horn;

CO2 FIRE EXTINGUISHER

Capacity: 2 / 4.5 / 6.8 / 22.5Kgs.
Liquefied Co2 at pressure of 64 kg/cm2 to 70 kg
/cm2 at Temp. below 31oc
TO OPERATE
1. Remove the locking pin
2. Operate the wheel valve and direct thee jet of
gas at the base of fire.
DISCHARGE TIME - about 30 sec.
Effective range- 1 to 1.5 m.

ABC Stored Pressure

Stored nitrogen Gas;
Can be used for Class A,
B & C;
Smothering method of
Extinguishing;
But not a good substitute
of water for class A fire;

Operation of ABC Stored Pressure

HOW TO EXTINGUISH FIRE?

*STAND OPPOSITE TO
THE DIRECTION OF THE
AIR (facing the back)
*Attack on the Base of fire.
*Keep sufficient distances
from the fire and move
closer as the fire reduces.

Fire Prevention

Welding & Gas Cutting

Hot work area should be free from;

Combustible materials for 10 m from work; (or)

Should be separated by barriers of 1 hour fire

resistance;
Floor of Work area covered by sand ;
Hot work on Walls;

Other side of the wall should be cleared from

combustible;
Floor openings and cracks;
Suitable fire extinguishers

Bucket of sand;

Hose line or portable extinguishers;

HOT WORK PERMIT
(Ref IS: 818 1968)

Common Accidents in Gas

Cutting
Removing lid of the diesel drum;
Gas cutting increases the internal temperature,
resulting in expansion of gas consequently
increasing the pressure;
Gross calorific value of diesel 46 x 106 MJ / KG;

Accident of Gas Cutting

Diesel / Petrol Storage

Floors covered by sand;
Sand periodically removed and
covered with damp sand and
water;
No Smoking;
Will tiny spark be sufficient to ignite;

Storing different chemicals

differently;
Tagging chemicals;
Assume what will happen if Diesel is
replaced instead of Transformer
coolant oil;

Gas Cylinder storage

area
No Smoking;
Will tiny spark be sufficient
to ignite;

Storing different chemicals

differently;
Tagging chemicals;
Assume what will happen if
Diesel is replaced instead of
Transformer coolant oil;

Carpentry Shop
Saw dust;
Wooden scarp;
Periodical disposal of dust;

P&M Workshop
Waste cotton rugs;
Waste oil;
Disposing out of site;

Fire plan

Fire Extinguisher source & layout;

Fire Barriers for Hot work;
Fire Watchers;
Hot work permit;

DOs
Inform time office or security or site safety
personnel in case of any fire.
Know the use of diff. Type of extinguishers.
Never use water on an electrical or oil fire.
Store inflammable materials in a closed
container and in its assigned place.
Clean immediately any spillage of inflammable
liquids.
Remove unwanted waste materials

Don'ts
Smoke in prohibited areas.
Store inflammables near any electrical
switch boards.
Obstruct the path leading to fire
extinguishers or emergency doors wherever
provided.

Throw
cotton
waste
soaked
with
inflammable liquids in the drains or room
corners.

Fire Extinguishers
Inspection Checklist

Inspection checklist
1. Confirm the extinguisher is in its proper location;
2. Confirm the extinguisher is not obstructed;
3. All seals and pins are in place and have not been removed
or tampered with;
4. If applicable, check gauge to ensure that the pressure is
within the operable range;
5. Examine the extinguisher for obvious signs of physical
damage, leakage, corrosion or clogged nozzles; and
6. Ensure that a current service tag is present on
extinguisher.

Dry Chemical Powder

Check For

Weight of the extinguishers, for powder mass;

Gas cartridge not less than 10%;
Operating mechanism;
Free movement and closing of discharge control.
Nozzle, hose, and vent holes, piercing mechanism of cap
cartridge holder, grease and wipe clean.
Remove the inner shell and clean portholes.
Caking, lumps and foreign matter, in Dry powder;
Body internally for any damage of corrosion.

Hazardous Area
The Petroleum Rules, 2002
Hazardous area;
Petroleum having flash point below 65 0C or
any inflammable gas or vapour in a
concentration capable of ignition is likely to
be present.
Petroleum or any inflammable liquid having
flash point above 650C is likely handled,
stored etc..

Classification of Hazardous Area

The Petroleum Rules, 2002
Zone O area : if inflammable gas or vapour are
expected to be continuously present in the area;
Zone 1 area: if inflammable gases or vapour are
likely to be present in the area under normal
operating conditions;
Zone 2 area: if inflammable gases or vapour are
likely to be present in the area only under
abnormal operating conditions or failure or rupture
of an equipment.

Electric apparatus
Zone 0 area :
No electric apparatus shall be allowed in a zone 0 area;
Zone 1 area :
Flame proof apparatus
Intrinsically safe apparatus approved by the chief controller of
explosives;
An industrial-type apparatus;
Purging with a plenum of atmosphere free from significant concentrations of
inflammable gas;
Automatic cut off or a warning

Zone 2 area :
non sparking apparatus of a type approved by the chief controller;

FIXED FIRE FIGHTING INSTALLATIONS

1. FIRE HYDRANT SYSTEM
2. WATER SPRINKLERS SYSTEM
3.AUTOMATIC FIRE DETECTION
SYSTEM
5.AUTOMATIC FIRE ALARM SYSTEM

THANK YOU