Chemistry

Purification And Characterisation

of Organic Compounds - 1

1. Introduction necessity of purification.

2. Methods of purification of organic
compound.
(a)Crystallisation
(b) Fractional crystallisation
(c) Sublimation
(d) Distillation
(e) Fractional distillation
(f) Steam distillation
(g)Vacuum distillation
(h)Differential extraction
(i) Chromatography

3.
Detection of elements
(Qualitative analysis)
(a)

Detection of carbon

(b)

Detection of hydrogen

(c)

Detection of nitrogen

(d)

Detection of sulphur

(e)

Detection of halogen

(f)

Detection of oxygen

Filtration

Crystallization

Sublimation

Distillation

Differential extraction

Chromatography

Only one of the compounds

is soluble in the given
solvent
eg.
(i) Urea and Naphthalene
(ii) Benzoic acid and anthracene

Most common method for purification

of solid organic compounds.
Impurities and organic compound
have different solubilities in the given
solvent.

The organic compound should

be insoluble or sparingly soluble
in the solvent at room temperature
but readily soluble in hot conditions.

The impurities should be insoluble in the solvent

even in hot conditions.

The organic compound should not react with the

solvent.

The mixture of benzoic acid (water

soluble) and naphthalene (water
insoluble) purified by.

How will you separate mixture of

benzoic acid and napthalene ?
benzoic acid (water soluble ) and
napthalene (water insoluble)

Difference in solubilities of organic

compounds and impurities are very
less.
eg. urea and copper sulphate.

Used to separate volatile organic

compounds from non volatile
impurities e.g. Naphthalene,
benzoic acid, anthracene,
camphor.

A mixture of benzene and aniline

can be separated by
(a) alcohol
(b) NaOH
(c) HCl
(d) Hot water

Amines are basic in nature. Therefore,

aniline reacts with HCl to form a salt
which dissolves in water.
Hence, aniline can be separated from
benzene by using HCl.

Hence, answer is (c).

(i) Simple distillationdifference in boiling points of

compounds is more than
40C. e.g. chloroform
(b. p. 334K) and aniline
(b. p. 457K).

(ii) Fractional distillation- difference

in boiling points of compounds is less
than 40C. e.g. acetone (b. p.
329K) and methyl alcohol
(b. p. 338K).

(iii) Vacuum distillation- used for

organic compounds which
decompose at or below their
boiling points.
e.g. Glycerol.

(iv) Steam distillation- used for

organic compounds which
are immiscible with water
and are steam volatile.
e.g. Aniline.

The most suitable method for the

separation of mixture of ortho and
para nitrophenol in the ratio of 1:1
is
(a) distillation
(b) crystallisation
(c) vapourisation
(d) colour spectrum

The boiling point of o-nitrophenol is

210oC and that of p-nitrophenol is
245oC.
Therefore, vapours of o-nitrophenol will
be formed first (lower boiling point) and
collected seperately and vapours of pnitrophenol will be formed latter.

Hence, answer is (a).

Used to extract pure organic

compounds from their aqueous
solution by shaking with organic
solvent in which they are
highly soluble.

Eg. Benzoic acid from its

aqueous solution using
benzene.

 Used to purify small samples.

Based on selective adsorption
or partition between
stationary and mobile phase.
Column Chromatographybased on adsorption, used for
bulk quantities.
Thin layer Chromatographybased on adsorption, used for
quantitative analysis.

 Paper Chromatography- based on

partition and used for quantitative and
qualitative analysis.
Gas Chromatography- used to separate and
analyse volatile organic liquids.
High performance liquids Chromatography
(HPLC)- used for qualitative and quantitative
analysis of organic compounds.

1. Boiling point.
2. Melting point.
3. Mixed melting point.

Detection of C, H, N, halogens
P, S, and oxygen.

Lassaignes extract is prepared to

convert covalency of organic compound
into electrovalency by fusing with Na.

Organic compound
Fused with sodium
(Na)

Lassaigness extract
(has NaCN)
sodium cyanide

Few drops of NaOH

and freshly prepared FeSO4

Na4

Fe(CN)6

Sodium ferrocyanide
Excess of HCl
and FeCl 3
(ferric chloride)
Fe 4 Fe( CN ) 6
3

Ferric ferrocyanide
prusslain blue
colouration confirms
presence of nitrogen
in organic compounds

Beilstein's test

Organic compound

Heated over
Copper wire

Green flame confirms the presence

of halogen/s in the organic compound

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extract, black percipitate is formed.
It shows that organic compound has
_____ element.
(a) chlorine
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(d) sulphur

Sodium extract + CH3COOH + (CH3COO)2Pb

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Presence of oxygen in organic

compound is detected by testing for
functional group containing oxygen
eg- alcohol (OH), aldehyde (
CHO), ketone (RCOR), carboxylic
acid (COOH), ester (COOR) and
nitro (NO2).

Thank you