DJJ2022: Electrical Technology

[Transformer]
PN NURUL NADIAH BT SHAHROM

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EMF
EQUATION

r.m.s value of e.m.f induced in

primary is
E1 = 4.44 N1 f m volts

of

r.m.s value
e.m.f induced in
secondary is
E2 = 4.44 N2 f m volts

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Example
4
A 250 kVA, 1100 V / 400 V, 50 Hz single-phase
transformer has 80 turns on a secondary. Calculate :
i. the approximate values of the primary and secondary
currents
ii.the approximate number of primary turns
iii.the maximum values of flux

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Example
5
An ideal 25 kVA transformer has 500 turns on the
primary winding and 40 turns on the secondary
winding. The primary is connected to 3000 V, 50
Hz supply. Calculate:
i.primary and secondary currents on full-load
ii.secondary e.m.f. and
iii.the maximum core flux

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Losses in transformer

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Core losses
2 jenis kehilangan:
Histerisis yang disebabkan oleh ulangan pemagnetan
atom yang terbentuk di dalam bahan bermagnet di dalam
teras
(the heating of the core as a result of the internal
molecular structure reversals
which occur as the magnetic
flux alternates. The loss is proportional
to the area of the

hysterisis loop and thus low loss nickel iron alloys are used
for the core since their hysteresis loop have small areas)
Arus pusar yang berputar mengalir di dalam perlapisanperlapisan teras
(the heating of the core due to e.m.f. s being induced not only in
the transformer windings but also in the core. These induced
e.m.f.s set up circulating currents call ed eddy currents. Owing
to the low resistance of the core, eddy currents can be quite
considerable and can cause a large power loss and excessive
heating of the core)

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Efficiency

=Output Power
Input power

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Example
6
The primary and secondary windings of a 500 kVA
transformer have resistances of 0.42 and 0.0019
respectively. The primary and secondary voltages are 11
000 V and 400 V respectively and the core loss is 2.9 kW,
assuming the power factor of the load to be 0.8. Calculate
the efficiency on:
i.full load

ii.half load

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Example
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Open
Circuit
TestTravel
and Short
Circuit Test
These two tests enable the efficiency and the
voltage regulation to be a calculated without
actually loading the transformer and with an
accuracy far higher than is possible by direct
measurement of input and output powers and
voltages. Also, the power required to carry out
these tests is very small compared with the full
load output of transformer.

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Open
Circuit
The transformer is connected as in figure to a
supply at the rated voltage and frequency,
namely the voltage and the frequency given on
the nameplate.The ratio of the voltmeter
readings, V1 / V2, gives the ratio of the number of
turns. Ammeter A gives the no-load current, and
its reading is a check on the magnetic quality of

the ferromagnetic core and joints. The primary

current on no load is usually less than 5 per cent

of the full-load current, so that the I2R loss on no

load is less than 1/400 of the primary I2R loss on
full load and is therefore negligible compared
with the core loss. Hence the wattmeter reading
can be taken as the core loss of the transformer.

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Short
The secondary is short-circuited through a
suitable ammeter A2, as shown in Fig.8.8 and the
low voltage is applied to the primary circuit. This
voltage should, if possible, be adjusted to
circulate full-load current in the primary and
secondary circuits. Assuming this to be the case,
the I2R loss in the windings is the same as that

on full load. On the other hand, the core loss is

negligibly small, since the applied voltage and

therefore the flux are only about one-twentieth to

one-thirtieth of the rated voltage and flux, and
the core loss is approximately proportional to the
square of the flux. Hence the power registered on
wattmeter W can be taken as the I2R loss in the
windings.

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Auto
Transformer
An auto-transformer is a transformer having a
part of its winding common to the primary and
secondary circuits. In figure below winding AB
has a tapping at C, the load being connected
across CB and the supply voltage applied across
AB.

I1 and I2 = primary
and secondary currents
respectively

N1 = no. of turns between A and B

N2 = no. of turns between B and C
n = ratio of the smaller voltage to the larger
voltage
Neglecting the losses, the leakage reactance and
the magnetizing current, in the figure:

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Auto
Transformer
The nearer the ratio of transformation is to unity, the
greater is the economy of conductor material. Also,
for the same current density in the windings and the
same peak values of the flux and of the flux density,
the I2R loss in the auto transformer is lower and the
efficiency higher than in the two winding transformer.
Auto transformer are mainly used for interconnecting
systems that are operating at roughly the same

voltage and starting

cage-type induction motors.

Should an auto transformer be used to supply a low

voltage system from a high voltage system, it is
essential to earth the common connection, for
example, B in Fig 8.9 otherwise there is a risk of
serious shock. In general, however, an auto
transformer should not be used for interconnecting
high voltage and low voltage systems.

Advantages
& Disadvantages
of Auto Transformer
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The advantages of auto transformers over double
wound transformers included:
a) Saving cost since less copper is needed.
b) less volume, hence less weight.

2
c) higher efficiency,
resulting
from
lower
I
R

losses

d) continuously variable output voltage is

achievable if a sliding contact is used.
e) smaller percentage voltage regulation.