Module 3

Implementing TCP/IP

Module Overview
Overview of TCP/IP
Understanding IPv4 Addressing
Configuring IPv4
Understanding IPv6
Name Resolution

Lesson 1: Overview of TCP/IP

The TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Protocols in the TCP/IP Suite
TCP/IP Applications
What Is a Socket?

The TCP/IP Protocol Suite

TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Application

HTTP

FTP

Transport

SMTP

TCP

DNS

POP3

SNMP

UDP

IGMP

Internet

Network
Interface

ARP

IPv4

Ethernet

IPv6

ICMP

Token
Ring

Frame
Relay

ATM

Protocols in the TCP/IP Suite

OSI

TCP/IP

TCP/IP Protocol Suite

SNMP

POP3

DNS

SMTP

Application

FTP

Presentation

HTTP

Application

Session

Transport

Transport

Network

Internet

Data-Link
Physical

Network
Interface

TCP

ARP
ARP

IGMP
IGMP

IPv4

Ethernet

ICMP
ICMP

UDP

IPv6

Token

Frame

Ring

Relay

ATM

TCP/IP Applications

Some common application layer protocols are:

HTTP/HTTPS
RPC over HTTP
FTP
RDP
SMB
SMTP
POP3

IPv4
TCP/UDP

IPv6

FTP (21)

DNS (53)

SMTP (25)

POP3 (110)

HTTPS (443)

HTTP (80)

What Is a Socket?

TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Lesson 2: Understanding IPv4 Addressing

How Dotted Decimal Notation Relates to Binary Numbers
IPv4 Addressing
Simple IPv4 Implementations
More Complex IPv4 Implementations
How Bits Are Used in a Subnet Mask
Implementing an IPv4 Subnetting Scheme
Determining Subnet Addresses
Determining Host Addresses

How Dotted Decimal Notation Relates to Binary

Numbers
8-Bit Octet
Bit
Bit 77 Bit
Bit 66 Bit
Bit 55 Bit
Bit 44 Bit
Bit 33 Bit
Bit 22 Bit
Bit 11 Bit
Bit 00

2277

2266

2255

2244

2233

2222

2211

2200

128
128

64
64

32
32

16
16

88

44

22

11

Decimal Value

IPv4 Addressing
An IPv4 configuration identifies a computer to other computers on a network
IP Address
192.168.2.180
255.255.255.0

Subnet 1

IP Address
192.168.2.181
255.255.255.0
Default gateway defines
the preferred router

IP Address
192.168.2.182
255.255.255.0

Dotted decimal
representation
of the address
and subnet
mask

IP Address
192.168.1.200
255.255.255.0

IP Address
192.168.1.201
255.255.255.0

Subnet 2

IP Address
192.168.1.202
255.255.255.0

Simple IPv4 Implementations

Class A
Large Network

Network
ID
0
w

Class B
Medium Network

Network ID

Host ID

10
w

Class C
Small Network

Host ID

Network ID

Host ID

110
w

More Complex IPv4 Implementations

172.16.16.0/22

172.16.17.1
172.16.17.0/24

172.16.16.1/20

172.16.20.0/22

172.16.24.0/22

172.16.28.0/22

172.16.17.254

172.16.18.0/24

How Bits Are Used in a Subnet Mask

Class B Address with Subnet

Number of Subnets

Network ID

32
2
8
254
128
64
16
4
0

Subnet ID

10

Number of Hosts

65,534
32,512
16,256
4,064
8,128
508
2,032
1,016
254
254

Host ID

Implementing an IPv4 Subnetting Scheme

When you subdivide a network into subnets, create a unique
ID for each subnet derived from the main network ID
By using subnets, you can:
Use a single network address across multiple locations
Reduce network congestion by segmenting traffic
Overcome limitations of current technologies

Determining Subnet Addresses

When determining subnet addresses you should:
Choose the number of subnet bits based on the number
of subnets required
Use 2n to determine the number of subnets available
from n bits

For five locations, the following three subnet bits are

required:
5 locations = 5 subnets required
22 = 4 subnets (not enough)
23 = 8 subnets

Determining Host Addresses

When determining host addresses you should:
Choose the number of host bits based on the number
of hosts required on each subnet
Use 2n-2 to determine the number of hosts available on
each subnet available from n bits

For subnets with 100 hosts, seven the following host

bits are required:
26-2 = 62 hosts (not enough)
27-2 = 126 hosts

Lesson 3: Configuring IPv4

Public and Private IPv4 Addresses
Automatic IPv4 Configuration
Demonstration: How to Configure IPv4
Demonstration: How to Verify IPv4 Configuration

Public and Private IPv4 Addresses

Public
Required by devices
and hosts that connect
directly to the Internet
Must be globally
unique
Routable on the
Internet
Must be assigned by
IANA

Private
Nonroutable on the
Internet
Can be locally
assigned by
organization
Must be translated to
access the Internet

Automatic IPv4 Configuration

APIPA:

Is used if a DHCP server cannot be contacted

Assigns IP addresses on the 169.254.0.0/16 network
Cannot be used with:
Active Directory
Internet connectivity
Multiple subnets
DNS or WINS servers

Demonstration: How to Configure IPv4

In this demonstration, you will see how to configure IPv4

settings manually and automatically

Demonstration: How to Verify IPv4 Configuration

In this demonstration, you will see how to use

Ipconfig.exe to verify the computers IPv4 configuration

Lesson 4: Understanding IPv6

Benefits of Using IPv6
The IPv6 Address Space
IPv6 Address Types
Interface Identifiers
Transitioning to IPv6
IPv6 Automatic Configuration

Benefits of Using IPv6

Benefits of using IPv6 compared to IPv4

Larger address space

More efficient routing

Simpler host configuration

Built-in security

Better prioritized delivery support

Redesigned headers

The IPv6 Address Space

Address Syntax:
128-bit address in binary:
001000000000000100001101101110000000
0000000000000010111100111011
000000101010101000000000111111111111
1110001010001001110001011010

128-bit address divided into

16-bit boundaries:
0010000000000001 0000110110111000
0000000000000000 0010111100111011
0000001010101010 0000000011111111
1111111000101000 1001110001011010

Each 16-bit block converted to

HEX (base 16):
2001:0DB8:0000:2F3B:02AA:00FF:FE28:9C5A

Compressing Zeros:
Some types of addresses can
contain many zeros
A contiguous sequence of
16-bit blocks set to 0 can be
compressed using the double
colon ::
Link-local:
FE80:0:0:0:2AA:FF:FE9A:4CA2

Can be compressed down to:

FE80::2AA:FF:FE9A:4CA2

Multicast:
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:2

Further simplify by removing

leading zeros:
2001:DB8:0:2F3B:2AA:FF:FE28:9C5A

Can be compressed down to:

FF02::2

IPv6 Address Types

IPv6 address types are similar to IPv4 address types
The IPv6 address types are:
Unicast addresses
Link-local addresses
Anycast
Multicast

Interface Identifiers
An interface identifier is equivalent to the host ID in an
IPv4 address
To assign an interface identifier, IPv6 hosts can use the
following:
A randomly generated temporary identifier
A randomly generated permanent identifier
A manually assigned identifier

IPv6 uses the interface identifier rather than MAC addresses

to identify hosts uniquely

Transitioning to IPv6
Methods for providing transition from IPv4 to IPv6:
Upgrade applications to Windows Sockets
Upgrade DNS infrastructure
Upgrade hosts to IPv6/IPv4 nodes
Upgrade routing infrastructure
Implement tunneling
Convert IPv6/IPv4 nodes to IPv6 only

IPv6 Automatic Configuration

Static Configuration

IPv6 Client

Automatic IPv6 configuration process:

1 DHCP V6 Server assigns Automatic IPv6 Configuration

information to the client
V6 Clients uses DHCP assigned IP Configuration to
2 IP
access network resources

3 IP V6 Static Client does not get automatic

configuration from the DHCPv6 Server

DHCP v6 Server with

IPv6 Scope and
IPv6 Site
IP V6 Router provides a gateway to the Internet
or
Local Scope

4
another subnet
IPv6 Client

IPv6 Router

Lesson 5: Name Resolution

Configuring a Computer Name
What Is DNS?
DNS Zones and Records
How Internet DNS Names Are Resolved
What Is WINS?
The NetBIOS Name Resolution Process
The GlobalNames Zone
How a Client Resolves a Name
Demonstration: How to Troubleshoot Name Resolution

Configuring a Computer Name

Name

Description
Up to 255 characters in length
Can contain alphabetic and

numeric characters, periods, and

hyphens

Host name

Part of FQDN
Represent a single computer or

group of computers

15 characters used for the name

16th character identifies service

NetBIOS name

Flat namespace

What Is DNS?
DNS is a service that manages the resolution of host
names to IP addresses:
Resolve host names to IP addresses
Locate domain controllers and global catalog servers
Used to resolve IP addresses to host names

Used to locate mail servers during e-mail deliver

DNS Zones and Records

A DNS zone is a specific portion of DNS namespace that
can contain DNS records
Records in forward lookup zones include:
A
SRV
MX

CNAME
Records in reverse lookup zones include:
PTR

How Internet DNS Names Are Resolved

Microsoft.com
DNS Server
.com DNS Server
What is the IP
address of
www.microsoft.com?

Root DNS Server

Local DNS Server

207.46.230.219
Workstation

What Is WINS?
NetBIOS Name
Registration
Query
?
OK
Payroll

WINS Server

1 Queries a WINS server

2 Determines whether name is in use
3 If not in use, then registers the NetBIOS

name and associated IP address

The NetBIOS Name Resolution Process

DNS Server

NetBIOS
1 Name Cache
DNS Resolver

DNS Resolver
6 Cache

Local Host
5 Name

WINS
Server

Broadcast

Lmhosts
File

The GlobalNames Zone

The GNZ provides single-label name resolution for large
enterprise networks that do not deploy WINS
Considerations:
Supports only static global records
Helps to transition from WINS
Manually created and populated with records

Instead of using the GNZ, you can choose to configure DNS

and WINS integration

How a Client Resolves a Name

1

Local Host Name

Lmhosts File

DNS Resolver Cache

DNS Server

NetBIOS Name Cache

Broadcast

WINS Server

Demonstration: How to Troubleshoot Name

Resolution
In this demonstration, you will see how to troubleshoot

name resolution with Nslookup.exe

Lab: Implementing TCP/IP

Exercise 1: Determining an Appropriate IPv4 Addressing

Scheme

Exercise 2: Configuring IPv4 with Windows Server 2008

Exercise 3: Verifying the Configuration
Exercise 4: Configuring and Testing Name Resolution
Exercise 5: Viewing the IPv6 Configuration

Logon information

Estimated time: 60 minutes

Lab Scenario
Contoso, Ltd. has created a new research and

development team. As a result, computers are being

deployed to new R & D offices.

You have been tasked with assigning a number of client

computers appropriate IP configurations, but first you

must choose a suitable IP addressing scheme for the new
branches.

Lab Review
In the lab, you were tasked with providing an addressing

scheme that would accommodate 100 hosts per subnet.

Ed provided the first subnet ID of 172.16.16.0/20. How
many hosts could be accommodated within this subnet?

Keep in mind the subnet might grow and you must

accommodate 100. What would you recommend as the

subnet mask?

What would the first subnet address be?

Module Review and Takeaways

Review Questions
Tools