To

TA C222

Measrement
Please SWITCH OFF YOUR MOBILES /
KEEP IN SILENT MODE IN CLASS
ROOM
 OBJECTIVES
 Be in a position to apply various ideas and
concepts of measurement to problems
encountered in the real work environment.
 Get to understand how to analyze
experiment data.
 Get to know how to reduce the effects of

experimental errors in the measurements.

 INTRODUCTION
 Why measurements
“Theory guides, experiment decides”
 In past, design mostly based on trial and

error approach with very little of

analytical input.
 This approach is not feasible

 e.g., design and development of a rocket

engine.
 A better approach…!
 An optimum blending of “Theory and
Experiments”.
 Constant evaluation of experimental data and

comparison with theoretical estimates.

 Formulation of new theories based on
experimental results, guiding further experiments
and hence improvements in the design.
Importance of Measurement Techniques
 Good and accurate measurements of physical
variables, say, temperature, flow rate, etc., help in
better control of these variables.
 Careful planning of experiments is must for

obtaining accurate and meaningful data.

 Requirement is

Great care and patience!

 Our Team
Theory
Dr Abhijit K Digalwar (1)
Mr Amit Jain (2)
Dr Anupam Singhal (3)
Miss Anitha Thakur (4)
Prof Surekha Bhanot (5)
Miss Priya C Sande (6)
Dr Hanumantha Rao (7 IC)
Mr Sharad Srivastava (8)
 Our Team
Practical Instructors - EEE

Anitha Thakur (Coordinator)

Aditya Kumar S
Gunasoumya Gondeti
Rakesh Kumar
 Our Team
Practical Instructors - Chemical
Amit Jain (coordinator)
Ashish M Gujarathi
Ajay K Pani
Amit Kanashetti
Dipaloy Datta
Dipesh S Patle
Inamdar Rafik S
Priya C Sande
Sriranjani S
 Our Team
Practical Instructors - Civil
V R Vinayaka Rao (coordinator)
Hanumantha Rao (IC)
Kamalesh Kumar
M Selva Kumar
Rajitha K
Dipendu Bhunia
Varun Singh
G Muttu Kumar
Meghana Charde
P K Misra
 Our Team
Practical Instructors - Mechanical

Abhijit K Digalwar (coordinator)

Ganesh S Soni
Ramakrishna K
Sharad Srivastava
Stueti Gupta
 Books
Textbook: J. P. Holman,
Experimental Methods for
Engineers, Tata McGraw-Hill, 7th
Ed, 2004.
Laboratory Manual
“A Laboratory Manual for Measurement
Techniques‑II,” Raman K.E. et al., EDD
Notes.
 Course
Lectures
Plan
3 – Common Portion
(8th Jan – 28th Feb)
6 – Mechanical
6 – Civil

Test – 1 1st March; 3:00PM to 5:00 PM

6 – Chemical
(4th March – 24th Apr)
6 – Electrical

Test 2 (Compre) 29th April FN

Lab quiz 29th April FN
 Course Plan
Practicals
Batch 1 - 12 EEE
Cycle 1
Batch 13 - 24 NEEE

Batch 1 - 12 NEEE
Cycle 2
Bach 13 - 14 EEE
 Lab Evaluation EEE

me: Hanumantha Rao Sec No. 1 Batch No. 13 Exp No. 18

: 2006A7000 Date: 08/01/207

Component Circuit Physical Observations Total

Diagram Connections and/or Graph

Marks 2 3 5 10
Obtained

Records will be evaluated during lab hour

continuously from the beginning..and instructors will
enter marks in the above table. Bring the required
 Lab Evaluation NEEE
ame: Hanumantha Rao
Name: Sec No. 1 Batch No. 13 Exp No. 1
D: 2006A7000 Lab: Civil Date: 08/01/207

Component Observations Calculations Result & Total

and/or Graph Discussion

Marks 3 5 2 10
Obtained

Records will be evaluated in the same lab hour in Civil

and Mechanical Labs; In Chemical submit your record in
the next turn.
Bring the required graph sheets to the lab
 Evaluation
Test I (Theory) 66 01/03; 3-5PM CB
Test I (Lab) 30 CB
Lab (cycle 1) 45 OB
Lab (Cycle 2) 45 OB
Test II (Lab) 30 CB
Test II (Theory) 54 29/4 (FN) CB
Lab Quiz 30 29/4 (FN) CB

Total 300
 Chamber Consultation Hour
Instructor Sec. No. Chamber Consultation hour Room No.

A K Digalwar 1 Monday 5 PM to 6 PM 2227

Amit Jain 2 Friday 4 PM to 5 PM 1224 - C

Anupam Singhal 3 Monday 5 PM to 6 PM 1110-A

Anitha Thakur 4 Monday 5 PM to 6 PM

Surekha Bhanot 5 Monday 5 PM to 6 PM 2135

Priya C Sande 6 Thursday 5 PM to 6 PM 1223-B

Hanumantha Rao 7 Tuesday 5 PM to 6 PM 1223 - E

Sharad Srivastava 8 Friday 5 PM to 6 PM 2246-N

 Makeup Policy

Makeup will be
provided
only for
genuine cases
Only with prior permission from I/C

For detail see Handout

 Notices
 All notices related to this course will be displayed
on FD – I, FD –II, EEE lab (2119), Chemical Lab
(1117) notice boards.

 Regular lab classes will start from 9th January

onwards….

The section/Batch-wise student’s
list will be displayed at Room No.
2119 on 8th at 5:00 PM.
Students should go to the respective labs as
per notices at Room No. 2119 and 1117.
 ORIENTATION

Practical Sec. 1, 2 & 3:
9th & 11th Jan
 Practical Sec. 4 & 5:

10th & 12th Jan

 For EEE Cycle:
1st turn  Ex.1 – Ex.6
2nd turn  EX.7 – Ex.12
 ORIENTATION
 For NEEE Cycle:

1st turn 
Batch No. 13-18: Ex.1-Ex.5 Chem & Ex.6 Civil
Batch No. 19-24: Ex.1 – Ex.4 Civil & Ex.1 – Ex. 2 Mech
2nd turn 
Batch No. 13-18:
Ex.1 – Ex.4 Civil & Ex.1 – Ex. 2 Mech
Batch No. 19-24:
Ex.1-Ex.5 Chem & Ex.6 Civil lab
Negative Marking is there for Orientation attendance in
each lab.
 EEE: 1st turn: -4 marks & 2nd turn: -4 marks

 NEEE: In each turn: Chem: -2 M & Civil: -2 M or

Civil: - 2 M & Mech: -2 M

 Total: 120 – 8 = 112 M (Without Orientation)
 Important Things to remember
 Before going to the lab read the
Laboratory manual and make necessary
tables or any preliminary requirements as
explained in the orientation.
 Carry the necessary type of graph sheet
(Linear/semi-log/log-log), pencil, eraser,
scale etc…
 Don’t MISS Orientation
 Be Punctual.. & Don’t apply for makeup..
 Clarify your doubts from your Instructors
 BASIC CONCEPTS
Contents Ref: - Chapter 2 – J. P. Holman

 DEFINITION of TERMS

Readability Least count

Sensitivity Hysteresis
Accuracy Precision
Error Uncertainty
 CALIBRATION
 STANDARDS
 DIMENSIONS AND UNITS
 GENERALIZED MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
 BASIC CONCEPTS IN DYNAMIC MEASUREMENTS
 Readability
 Indicates the Closeness with which the
scale of an instrument may be read.
Example: A 30 cm scale gives higher
readability than a 15 cm scale.

Which scale is more readable?

 Least Count
The Smallest difference between two
divisions on the instrument scale.

For each object (a, b, c) and scale above,

determine the Least Count of Scale?
 Both Readability and
Least Count are
dependent on:
16 17  scale length
 spacing of graduations
 size of pointer
 parallax effects

For instruments with

a digital readout
Readability and Least
Count have little
meaning.
 Sensitivity
 Ratio of the linear movement of the pointer on an analog
instrument to the change in the measured variable causing the
motion
 Change in output signal for a change in the physical parameter
being measured

 Ex:- If a 1 mV recorder is having 25 cm scale length, what will

be its sensitivity ?

25 cm/mV
 HYSTERESIS
Difference in readings depending on whether
the value of the measured quantity is
approached from above or from below.

Hystresis may be
because of
Mechanical friction

Magnetic effect

Elastic deformation

Thermal effects
 Accuracy
 Amount by which measurement deviates from
known value
 Systematic error associated with measurement
 “Accuracy” is the closeness of measurements to
the true value.
E = system output – system input
Higher the accuracy, lower the error

Precision
 Ability of an instrument to reproduce a
certain reading with a given accuracy
 Random error associated with measurement.
 “Precision” is the closeness of repeated
measurements to each other.
 Which of the following is more Precise?
And which one is Accurate?

(A) (B) (C)

A. Imprecise and inaccurate B: Precise

Answer: B. Precise and inaccurate C: Accurate
C. Precise and accurate
 Error
Difference between the measured value and the true value

Error = Measured value – True value

Uncertainty
Uncertainty is an estimate of the error in a measurement

measured value = best estimate ± uncertainty

The result of all possible errors (sources) give a range in

which the measurement will fall.
Errors (sources) may be summed linearly, which gives the
worst case of uncertainty.
More realistically, errors (sources) are summed as the
Root sum of the squares (RSS).
 Calibration
 A process of determining the accuracy of an
instrument.
 It establishes the relationship of an
instrument's measurement with the value
provided by a standard.
 When that relationship is known, the
instrument may then be adjusted (calibrated)
for the best accuracy.
 Accuracy can be increased up to but not
beyond the precision of instrument by
calibration.
 Standards
In order to compare the experimental results in the different
parts of the world on a consistent basis, it is necessary to use
certain standard units of length, weight, time, temperature, and
electrical quantities.
9
1 meter = 39.37 inches ° F = ° C + 32
5
1 inch = 2.54 cm
1 sec = 1/86400 Mean solar Day

Solar Day is measured as the time interval between two

successive transits of the Sun across a meridian of the Earth.

Solar Year is the time required for the earth to make one
revolution around the Sun.

Mean Solar Year = 365 days 5 h 48 min 48 sec.

 Dimensions and units
A dimension is a physical variable used to specify the
behavior or nature of a particular system.

Example: Length of a rod is a dimension of the rod.

The rod is 5 m long, implies that we have given the
unit with which we choose to measure the dimension.
Dimensions:
Length = L; Mass = M; Force = F…
Units:
Length – meter; Mass – kg; Time – second…
 UNITS

 Primary Units
 Supplementary Units
 Derived Units

Primary Derived
Supplementary
 Length (m) o Temparature (K)  Force (N)
 Energy (Joule)
 Mass (kg) o Electrical Current (A)
 Velocity (m/s)
 Time (sec) o Voltage (V)
 Summary
Readability & Least Count
Precision & Accuracy
Sensitivity & Hysteresis
Error & Uncertainty
Standards
Dimensions and Units
In the Next Class:
The Generalized Measurement System
Static Measurements
Basic Concepts of Dynamic Measurements
Analysis of Experimental Data
- Types of Errors
- Error Analysis
- Uncertainty Analysis