Unit 1.

Drawing applied to technology

Unit 1.Drawing applied to

technology
What are we going to see in this
unit?
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6

Drawing materials and instruments

Drafts and sketches
Drafting scale
Diedric system
Marking and standardizing
Perspective systems

1.1 Drawing materials and instruments

Paper
Paper is made of cellulose that is obtained from
trees
The paper size that we use is A4 . It is the result
of dividing 1 m2 (A0) four times by half the longest
side.

1.1 DRAWING TOOLS

THE RULER
It is a precision tool that makes it possible to
measure and to transfer a distance.
TRIANGULAR SET SQUARE
A set square is a tool for drawing perpendicular
(vertical) and parallel lines and for obtaining angles.
There are 2 types of trianglular set squares
A 45
degree

A 60
degree

1.1 Drawing materials and instruments

How to draw vertical and parallel lines with
the set square
Vertical:

Parallel:

Activity: Draw the set squares in your

notebook as you can see them in both
positions

1.1 Drawing materials and instruments

Drawing angles: we can get 15, 30, 45,

60, 75, 90, 120, 135angles combining the

30, 45 , 60 and the 90 angles from the set
squares

You don't
have to copy
them
because you
can find
them in your
text book on

1.1 Drawing materials and instruments

Drawing angles exercise: you have

to obtain, 45, 75, 90, 120 angles
combining the set squares

1.1 Drawing materials and

instruments
Drawing angles exercise: you have to obtain,
45, 75, 90, 120 angles combining the set
squares

1.1 DRAFT AND SKETCH

DRAFT: It is a free hand drawing (just with a

pencil). We show an idea or object without totally

defining it.

Page 41

1.1 DRAFT AND SKETCH

ATTENTION!
A DRAFT IS NOT A BAD
DRAWING AND A SKETCH
IS NOT A GOOD
DRAWING !!!!!!

1.1 DRAFT AND SKETCH

The sketch: It is a free hand drawing too,
but it includes the measures, therefore it
shows the precise size and a shape similar to
the final drawing.
measure

Page
41

1.3 Drafting scale

We define scale as the relation between the
drawing size and the real object

A model uses a reduction

scale

1.3 Drafting scale

1:2
The Drawing
size

Page

The Real size

1.3 Drafting scale

Page
38

1 cm measured on the drawing is equivalent to

1200cm
in reality

1:120
0

1cm drawing

1200 reality

1.3 Drafting scale

Scale types:
Reduction scale: it is used to represent
big objects, so they can be drawn on
paper
We usually use: 1:2 1:5 1:10
In this example we have reduced 1000 times the
real size of the tree

1:1000
drawn

Real

1.3 Drafting scale

Enlargement scale: it is used to

represent small objects so we can see
them on paper
It is used: 2:1 5:1 10:1

In this example the drawing is two times the

real object

2:1
Draw
ing

Safety
pin

Real

1.3 Drafting scale

An example of scale application

Lets draw a pencil that is 10cm high
and 1cm wide using different scales:
2:1, 1:2, 1:4 1cm

10cm

1.3 Drafting scale

2:1

Scale 2:1
High

wide
Real

Drawn

Real

10

1.3 Drafting scale

2:1

Scale 1:2
High

wide
Real

Drawn

1
1:2

Real

10

1.3 Drafting scale

2:1

Scale 1:4
High

wide
Real

Drawn

1
1:2

Real

10

1:4

1.3 Drafting scale

Scale exercise
Using an electronic microscope we can
see a virus that is 1,5pm. This picture is
6 cm long, do you know the scale used to
draw it?

1.3 Drafting scale

Scale ???:1
Long

Drawn

?????

6 1010pm

Real

1,5 pm

1.3 Drafting scale

Scale ???:1
Long

Drawn

4107

6 107pm

Real

1,5 pm

1.4 Diedric system

1.4 Diedric system

The diedric system represents the
objects using a perpendicular projection
on a plane

1.4 Diedric system

The projection or VIEW consists of drawing
just what we see when we are perpendicular to
the object and to the plane

Page
28

1.4 Diedric system

Insert video

1.4 Diedric system

Insert video

1.4 Diedric system

To define an object we only need 3 views, floor, front
and profile:
Floor view: from the top of the object
Front view: facing the object
Floor
Profile view: from the side
Front
view

Floor
view

view

Profile
view

Profile
view

Front
view

1.4 Diedric system

Diedric Rules
The front is usually indicated with an
arrow
The views distribution
The front is always on top of the floor
The profile is situated the other way around,
that is, the left profile is situated on the right
front

floor

Left profile

Right profile

front
floor

1.4 Diedric system

Remember:
The same height: the object has the same height on
the floor and on the profile views
The same width: on the front and on the floor views
The same depth: on the floor and on the profile
views

1.4 Diedric system

Exercise: Draw the front, left profile
and floor views of the class chair. This
chair is 80 cm high, 40 cm wide and 40
cm deep. Use the proper scale

1.4 Diedric system

Exercise: Draw the front, profile and floor
views of the class chair

1.4 Diedric system

Where do we have to be situated to see
these objects like circles?

1.4 Diedric system

1.4 Diedric system

Exercise 11: Complete the views of the following objects

Page
31

1.4 Diedric system

Exercise 11: Complete the views of the following objects

1.4 Diedric system

Exercise 11: Complete the views of the following objects

1.4 Diedric system

Exercise 11: Complete the views of the following objects

1.4 Diedric system

Non visible lines: when we know there is a
hidden line we have to draw it using a
discontinuous line

hidden line

1.4 Diedric system

Activity: draw the front, floor and left
profile views of this figure colouring
each face in one colour.

1.4 Diedric system

Activity: draw the front, floor y left profile views of this figure
colouring each face in a different colour.

1.4 Diedric system

Exercice: draw the right profile, front
and floor views of these objects

1.4 Diedric system

1.4 Diedric system

1.5 Marking and standardizing

The standardizing is the group of
rules that define objects in
technical drawing.

1.5 Marking and standardizing

Using a standard language we can
define the size, materials and
properties of an object so that
anyone can read it

1.5 Marking and standardizing

There are several elements used to draw a object,
but we are going to see only the most relevant:
1.Paper
For paper size we use the DIN rule: A0,A1,A2

1.5 Marking and standardizing

2.- Lines

The lines are:

Thick continuous lines: are used to outline objects
Thick discontinuous lines: indicate hidden lines
Thin continuous lines: are used for auxiliary measures
and reference lines.
Dots and thin discontinuous lines: indicate a
circumference or cylinder axis

1.5 Marking and standardizing

Auxuliary Line

Measure

Measure line

Reference line

Circumference
axis line

1.5 Marking and standardizing

Marking : indicating the real

dimensions above the object

1.5 Marking and standardizing.

Marking follows some rules

The measure lines:
We place them parallel to
the edge and slightly
separated

They are limited by the

auxiliary lines

The arrows are thin and

elongated, they go from
one side to the other

1.5 Marking and standardizing

Auxiliary lines
We place them
perpendicular to
the measure lines
They cross the
measure line a
little bit
They never cut the
measure line

1.5 Marking and standardizing

The measures:
We indicate the real
measure in milimetres,
but mm is never
written
They are placed above
the measure line, never
under it
We only use the extrictly
necessary measures

Measure line ends

Arrow: ends in a aux. Line
Line: ends in a measure line
Dot: ends in a line object
Measures position

1.5 Marking and standardizing

Activity: draw these views indicating
which rules are broken

Correct

Wrong

Exercice: Make a file of this object, drawing its

views including all measures, AND SCALE

Assembled size
Width: 79 cm
Wood widht: 5 cm
Depth: 39 cm
Height: 79 cm
Max load/shelf: 13 kg

1.6 Perspective systems

Which one of these objects

is a cube?

1.6 Perspective systems

They are all cubes,
but drawn with
different
perspectives

1.6 Perspective systems

But, what is a perspective?
It is an approximate representation, on
a flat surface (such as paper), of an
image as it is perceived by the eye.

1.6 Perspective systems

The simplest one is the one

point perspective, where all
lines go to one vanishing point

Vanishing
Point

Video link
Acces o directo a 1punto habitacion.lnk

1.6 Perspective systems

If we want to create a more

realist drawing we have to
use a two point perspective

Now we have two vanishing points,

where the left and right lines go

1.6 Perspective systems

Finally, we have the three points
perspective, that creates an almost
real view
Lines go to the
left, the right
and the floor
vanishing
points

1.6 Perspective systems

Regular objects are drawn using the
caballera perspective
All lines are
parallel to Z, X
or Y axes

1.6 Perspective systems

X and Y axes form a
90 angle and Z axe
form a 135 angle

Y axe

135 90
90

Z axe

X axe

1.6 Perspective systems

In X and Y axes measures are
applied directly. But, in order to
create a human vision of the
object, Z axe form a 135 angle
and measures have a reduction
reduction in all z
measures

1.6 Perspective systems

Exercise. You have to present the standard
file of this object that has to describe the
scale used, measures, views and caballera
perspective.
Measures: Assembled size
Width: 79 cm
Depth: 39 cm
Height: 149 cm
Wood width: 5 cm
Max load/shelf: 13 kg

Standard File Data:

Name and Family name

Grade and Group
Scale and units
Name of the file and short description