Energy analysis of SteadyFlow in an open System.

Introduction
A large number of engineering
devices
such
as
turbines,
compressors, and nozzles operate for
long periods of time under the same
conditions once the transient start up
period is completed and steady
operation is established, and they
are
classified
as
STEADY-FLOW
PROCESS.
2

 Characteristic 1:
No property at any given location within
the system boundary changes with time.
That also means, during an entire steady
flow process, the total volume (
) of the
system remainsVs a constant, the total
ms
mass(
)of the system
remains a
constant, and that the total energy
content Es of the system remains a
constant.

 Characteristic 2:
Since the system remains unchanged
with time during a steady flow
process, the system boundary also
remains the same.

 Characteristic 3:
No property at an inlet or at an exit to the
open system changes with time. That
means during a steady flow process, the
mass flow rate, the energy flow rate,
pressure, temperature, specific (or molar)
volume, specific (or molar) internal
energy, specific (or molar) enthalpy, and
the velocity of flow at an inlet or at an exit
remain constant.
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 Characteristic 4:
Rates at which heat and work are
transferred across the boundary of
the system remain unchanged.

Mass Balance for a Steady Flow Process.

Since a steady flow process can be considered

as a special process experienced by the open
system, we may start from the mass balance
for open systems. Characteristic 1 of the
steady flow process is that the mass of the
open system experiencing a steady flow
process remains constant. This is achieved if
the mass flow rate at the inlet equals the
mass flow rate at the exit.

min mexit

The Steady Flow Energy Equation (S.F.E.E)

W

P1, V1, C1

entering
z1

Entering
P1 = Pressure
V1 = Specific volume
C1 = velocity

P2, V2, C2

z2

Leaving
P2 = Pressure
V2 = Specific volume
C2 = velocity

leaving

Potential energy (PE)

Internal Energy (u)

PE = mg z (kg m/s2 m) = J
PE = gz J/kg (for unit mass)
Kinetic energy (KEJ)
KE = mv2

Flow Work energy

W = Pv (N/m2 x m3/kg =J/kg)

= mc2 (kg x m2/s2 = J)

= C2 J/kg
C22
2

The Steady flow energy equation

Entering = leaving
PE1 + KE1 + FW1 + IE1 + (Q) = PE2 + KE2 + FW2 + IE2 + W

FW = flow work energy

gz1 +C 2
1
BUT2

+ P1v1+ U1 +Q =
gz2 +
2
c
2

+ P2v2+ U2 + W

h u pv
9

gz1

2
C
+ 1
2

+ h1

2
C
2+
+ Qgz
=2
2

+ h2 +

In thermodynamics systems the changes in potential energy are

mostly small compared to other energies.
2
1

C
2

+ h1

2
C
2
+Q=
2

+ h2 +

Non-flow energy equation (close system)

2
C12
C
gz1 +
+ P1v1 + U1 + Q = gz22 +
+ P2v2 + U2 + W
2
2
U1 + Q = U 2 + W
Q = (U2 U1) + W
Q = W + U

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Steady Flow Engineering

Devices.
Nozzles &Diffusers.
A nozzle is a device that increases
the velocity of a fluid at the expense
of pressure and A diffuser is a device
that increases the pressure of a fluid
by slowing it down.

11

SFEE for Nozzles &Diffusers.

Since no shaft work is involved in a
nozzle or a diffuser, and since the
potential energy difference across a
nozzle or a diffuser is usually
negligible, the steady flow energy
equation for flow through a nozzle or
2
2

a diffuser
becomes.
c

e
i

qin J
he hi

kg

2
2

c
e
i

Q in J
m he hi

s
2

12

Reduced SFEE for Nozzles &Diffusers.

The flow through nozzles and

diffusers are often considered
adiabatic, so that the rate of heat
transfer is neglected. Therefore the
equation is
reduced
to;
2
2

ce ci
hi he
2

13

Turbine
A turbine is device in which work is
produced by a gas passing over and
through a set of blades fixed to a shaft
which is free to rotate.

14

15

SFEE for Turbines.

i

Since the fluid flowing through a turbine usually

experiences negligible change in elevation, the

potential energy term is neglected. Work always Ws in

leaves the turbine, and therefore the is negative.
The steady flow energy equation for flow through a
turbine
may

therefore
be written as c 2 c 2

Q in Wout m he hi

16

Enthalpy and K.E

The fluid velocities encountered in most
turbines are large, and the fluid
experiences a significant change in its
kinetic energy. However, if this change is
small compared to the change in
enthalpy then the change in kinetic
energy may be neglected. If the fluid
flowing through the turbine undergoes an
adiabatic
process, which is usually the

in
case,Qthen
= 0.
17

Reduced SFEE for Turbines.

Ws out m he hi
which clearly shows that the shaft
work delivered by an adiabatic
turbine is derived from the enthalpy
loss by the fluid flowing through the
turbine.
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Compressors, pumps, and fans

Machines developed to make life easier,
decrease world anxiety, and provide
challenging problems for engineering
students.
These Machines normally do work on a
fluid to raise its pressure, potential, or
speed.
Mathematical analysis proceeds the
same as for turbines, although the signs
may differ.
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Primary differences
Compressor - used to raise the pressure of
a compressible fluid
Pump - used to raise pressure or potential
of an incompressible fluid
Fan - primary purpose is to move large
amounts of gas, but usually has a small
pressure increase

20

Compressors, pumps, and fans

Axial flow
Compressor

Side view

End view

Centrifugal pump
21

22

23

Compressors.
A compressor is a device used to
increase the pressure of a gas
flowing through it. The rotating type
compressor functions in manner
opposite to a turbine. To rotate the
shaft of a compressor, work must be
i
supplied from
an external source
such as a rotating turbine shaft
e

24

SFEE for Compressor.

The potential energy difference
across a compressor is usually
neglected, and the steady flow
energy equation for flow through it
becomes
2
2

Q in Ws

in

ce ci
m he hi
2

25

Reduced SFEE for

Compressors.
The velocities involved in compressor,
pump, fan or blower are usually small to
cause a significant change in kinetic
energy, and often the change in kinetic
energy term is neglected. If the
compressor, pump, fan or blower is
operated under adiabatic conditions, then
Qin = 0.

26

Reduced SFEE for Compressors.

Win m h1 Q out m h2

Win m qout m he hi
Note:

ke pe 0

qout

W in
he hi

which clearly shows that the shaft work

provided to an adiabatic compressor, pump,
27
fan or blower is used to increase the enthalpy

Sample Problem
Air initially at 103.42kPa and 288.7K with
enthalpy of 131.1 KJ/kg is compressed to
517.12kPa and 477.6K with enthalpy of
217.83kJ/kg . The power input to the air is
3.7kW and a heat loss of 4 kJ/kg occurs during
the process. Determine the mass flow in kg/s.

28

Draw Diagram
103.42 kPa
288.7K, h1
= 131.1
KJ/kg

517.107
kPa
477.6K, h2
= 217.83
KJ/kg

q= 4kJ/kg

29

Assumptions

Steady state flow (SSSF)

Neglect potential energy changes
Neglect kinetic energy changes
Air is ideal gas

30

What do we know?
INLET
T1 = 288.7K
P1 = 103.42kPa
h1 = 131.1 KJ/kg
OUTLET
T2 = 477.6K
P2 = 517.107kPa
h2 = 217.83 KJ/kg
31

Heat exchangers.
These are devices where two moving fluid
streams exchange heat without mixing.
Under steady operation, the mass flow
rate of each fluid stream flowing through
a heat exchanger remains constant.
Heat exchangers typically involve no
work(w=0) and negligible kinetic and
potential energychanges
(pe 0 ) and (
ke 0
) for each fluid stream.
32

Heat exchangers are used in a

variety of industries

Automotive - radiator
Refrigeration - evaporators/condensers
Power production - boilers/condensers
Power electronics - heat sinks
Chemical/petroleum industry- mixing
processes

33

Heat exchangers can take a variety of shapes

34

Condenser/evaporator for heat pump

35

Cooling towers are a type of heat

exchanger.

36

Something a little closer to home..

37

With heat exchangers, we have to

deal with multiple inlets and outlets

m4

m1

m2

m3
38

 At steady flow, what is the relationship

between

m1 , m 2 , m 3 , and m 4 ?

39

What assumptions to make?

Ask yourself:
See any devices producing/using shaft
work?
What about potential energy effects?
What about kinetic energy changes?
Can we neglect heat transfer?

40

Apply conservation of mass on

both streams...
If we have steady
flow, then:

dm CV
dt

m4

m1

m2
And

m1 m 2 m A

Fluid A

m3 m 4 m B

m3
Fluid B
41

Conservation of energy can be a

little more complicated...
There is a control
volume around
the whole heat
exchanger.
Implications:
No heat
transfer from
the control
volume.

m4

m1

m2

Fluid A

m3
Fluid B
42

Conservation of energy looks pretty

complicated:
V12

V 32

Q WCV m1 h1
gz1 m3 h3
gz3
2
2

V22
V 42

m2 h2
gz2 m4 h4
gz4 0
2
2

We know from conservation of

mass:

m1 m 2 m A

m3 m4 mB
43

Conservation of energy equation

for the heat exchanger
Apply what we know about the mass flow
relationships:

V12 V22

Q WCV mA h1 h2

g z1 z2
2
2

V 32 V 42

mB h3 h4

g z3 z4 0
2
2

44

Heat Exchangers
Generally, there is no heat transfer from
or to the heat exchanger, except for that
leaving or entering through the inlets
and exits.

So, Q 0
And, because the device does no work,

W CV 0
Also, potential and sometimes kinetic
energy changes are negligible.
45

Heat Exchangers - apply assumptions

0

V
V

Q WCV mA h1 h2

g z1 z2
2
2

2
1

V
V

mB h3 h4

g z3 z4 0
2
2

2
2

2
3

2
4

46

Heat Exchangers
After throwing away a bunch of terms,
were left with:

m A ( h1 h 2 ) m B ( h 4 h 3 )
The energy change of fluid A is equal
to the negative of the energy change
in fluid B.
47

Question.

How would the energy equation differ if

we drew the boundary of the control
volume around each of the fluids?

48

Heat Exchangers
Now if we want the energy lost or gained
by either fluid we must let that fluid be
the control volume, indicated by the red.

m2

m1 m A

49

Heat Exchangers
The energy equation for one side:

Q CV ,A m A h1 h 2 0
Or dividing through by the mass flow:

q A h 2 h1

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Examples.
1.

2.

.
.
.
.

A turbine receives a steady flow of steam under the following

conditions: inlet enthalpy 2800 KJ/kg; exit enthalpy 2550kJ/kg;
inlet velocity 50m/s; outlet velocity 110m/s; heat lost to
surroundings 25kJ/s; mass of steam 9.1kg/s. Calculate the power
developed by the turbine.
A gas flows at a steady rate of 4 kg/s. It enters a machine at a
pressure
of 620 kPa, with a velocity of 300 m/s, a specific
internal energy of 2100 kJ/kg and a specific volume of 0.37 m3/kg.
It leaves at a pressure of 130 kPa, with a velocity of 150 m/s, a
specific internal energy of 1500 kJ/kg and a specific volume of 1.2
m3/kg. Whilst flowing through the machine heat loss from the gas
to the surroundings is 30 kJ/kg. Calculate:
(a) Density at entry and exit.
[2.7 kg/m3, 0.833 kg/m3]
(b) Areas of flow at entry and exit. [0.004933 m2, 0.032 m2]
(c) Specific enthalpy at entry and exit [2329 kJ/kg, 1656
kJ/kg]
(d) Power produced.
[686 kW];
51