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Objetivos de la Oxigenoterapia
-Tratamiento de la hipoxemia.
-Disminucin del trabajo respiratorio
-Disminucin del trabajo miocrdico
American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC). Clinical Practice Guideline. Oxygen
Gas
Aire
Traquea
Nitrgeno
79%
568 mm hg
mm hg
Oxigeno
21%
149 mm hg
mm hg
Co2
0,04%
0.3 mm hg
mm hg
Vapor de agua Variable
47 mm hg
mm hg
Alveolo
572
American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC). Clinical Practice Guideline. Oxygen
therapy for adults in the acute care facility.
101
40
47
American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC). Clinical Practice Guideline. Oxygen
therapy for adults in the acute care facility.
Causas de hipoxemia
Disminucin de la presin parcial de
oxgeno en el gas inspirado.
Hipoventilacion
Alteracin de la relacin V/Q.
Trastornos de difusin.
Shunt intrapulmonar.
American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC). Clinical Practice Guideline. Oxygen
therapy for adults in the acute care facility.
Leve a moderada
Severa
SNC
Confusin, agitacin
Letargia, obnubilacin
Cardaco
Taquicardia,
extrasstoles,
hipotensin
Bradicardia,
hipotensin
Respiratori
o
Disnea, taquipnea,
aumento del trabajo
respiratorio
Aumento de la disnea
y taquipnea, posible
bradipnea
Gases
arteriales
Frialdad, palidez
cianosis
Piel
American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC). Clinical Practice Guideline. Oxygen
therapy for adults in the acute care facility.
American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC). Clinical Practice Guideline. Oxygen
therapy for adults in the acute care facility.
Saturacin
de la Hb.
Saturacin
de la Hb. o
intensidad
del estimulo
hipxico
Estimulo
hipxico
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
PaOClinical
2
American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC).
Practice Guideline. Oxygen
therapy for adults in the acute care facility.
Indicaciones en pacientes
hospitalizados
-Prevencin de desarrollo de hipoxemia
Enf cardiaca, Enf respiratoria, etc
-Hipoxemia
PaO2 < 50 mmHg (sat <80%)
PaO2 < 55-60 mmHg (sat<85-89%), en
pacientes
agudamente
enfermos.
-Procedimientos con riesgo de hipoxemia
Durante la intubacin endotraqueal.
Broncoscopia.
American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC). Clinical Practice Guideline. Oxygen
therapy for adults in the acute care facility.
Sistemas de
administracin de
oxgeno
American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC). Clinical Practice Guideline. Oxygen
therapy for adults in the acute care facility.
American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC). Clinical Practice Guideline. Oxygen
therapy for adults in the acute care facility.
American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC). Clinical Practice Guideline. Oxygen
therapy for adults in the acute care facility.
American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC). Clinical Practice Guideline. Oxygen
therapy for adults in the acute care facility.
American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC). Clinical Practice Guideline. Oxygen
therapy for adults in the acute care facility.
Cnula nasal
American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC). Clinical Practice Guideline. Oxygen
therapy for adults in the acute care facility.
FIO2
1
2
3
4
5
6
0.24
0.28
0.32
0.36
0.40
0.44
American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC). Clinical Practice Guideline. Oxygen
therapy for adults in the acute care facility.
Cnula nasal
Ventajas:
Cmoda, bien tolerada.
El paciente puede comer y beber.
Puede ser usada con humidificadores.
Desventajas:
Puede producir resequedad e irritacin de la mucosa
nasal.
American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC). Clinical Practice Guideline. Oxygen
therapy for adults in the acute care facility.
Mscara simple
_
_
Flujmetro
_
_
_
American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC). Clinical Practice Guideline. Oxygen
therapy for adults in the acute care facility.
Mscara simple
Ventajas:
Puede ser usada con humidificadores.
Puede proporcionar FIO2 de 0.6
Desventajas:
Difcil aplicacin con sondas naso u orogstricas.
Incomoda en trauma o quemaduras faciales.
Puede producir resequedad o irritacin de los ojos.
American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC). Clinical Practice Guideline. Oxygen
therapy for adults in the acute care facility.
FIO2
5-6
6-7
7-8
0.40
0.50
0.60
American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC). Clinical Practice Guideline. Oxygen
therapy for adults in the acute care facility.
_
_
_
Flujmetro
_
_
Reservorio
American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC). Clinical Practice Guideline. Oxygen
therapy for adults in the acute care facility.
L/min
6-7
FiO2
0.6-0.7
0.7-0.8
7-8
8-10
=o
American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC). Clinical Practice
Guideline. Oxygen
>0.8
therapy for adults in the acute care facility.
Ventajas:
_
_
_
Flujmetro
_
_
Reservorio
American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC). Clinical Practice Guideline. Oxygen
therapy for adults in the acute care facility.
Sistema de no reinhalacion
Sistema de alto flujo, rendimiento fijo (Fixed
performance
high
flow):
Volumen minuto, flujo
inspiratorio y sistema de reservorio (suministra el
gas necesario para alcanzar los requerimientos
de peak flow inspiratorio)
Sistema de bajo flujo, rendimiento variable
(Variable performance low flow sistem): El aire ambiente
entra en el sistema para cubrir las necesidades
del paciente de tal forma que las mezclas de gas
inspirado no son determinados precisamente
American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC). Clinical Practice Guideline. Oxygen
therapy for adults in the acute care facility.
Ventajas:
American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC). Clinical Practice Guideline. Oxygen
therapy for adults in the acute care facility.
Efecto Venturi
P
aire
O2
Mezcla O2/aire
American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC). Clinical Practice Guideline. Oxygen
therapy for adults in the acute care facility.
FiO2 variable
(Sistema
Venturi)
Flujmetro
o flowmeter
_
_
_
Manguera
corrugada
Adaptador
venturi
American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC). Clinical Practice Guideline. Oxygen
therapy for adults in the acute care facility.
American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC). Clinical Practice Guideline. Oxygen
therapy for adults in the acute care facility.
T de Ayres
_
_
_
Flujmetro o
flowmeter
_
Extensin
FiO2 variable
(Sistema Venturi)
Pieza en T
Manguera corrugada
Humidificador
de alto flujo
Tubo endotraqueal
American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC). Clinical Practice Guideline. Oxygen
therapy for adults in the acute care facility.
T de Ayres o pieza en T
Ventajas:
-Alta humidificacin.
-Permite el suministro de una FIO2 confiable.
-Ligera.
Desventajas:
-Puede acumularse agua en las conexiones.
-A bajo flujo induce reinhalacion de gas espirado.
-Debe vigilarse el flujo para asegurarse de no ser
transformada en un sistema de bajo flujo.
-Favorece la traccion sobre el traqueostomo.
American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC). Clinical Practice Guideline. Oxygen
therapy for adults in the acute care facility.
_
_
_
_
_
Flujmetro o
flowmeter
FiO2 variable
(Sistema Venturi)
Humidificador
de alto flujo
_
_
_
_
Flujmetro o
flowmeter
_
FiO2 variable
(Sistema Venturi)
Humidificador
de alto flujo
American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC). Clinical Practice Guideline. Oxygen
therapy for adults in the acute care facility.
BIBLIOGRAFIA
American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC). Clinical Practice
Guideline. Oxygen therapy for adults in the acute care facility. Respir
Care 2002; 47(6):717-720.
Branson R. Respiratory care equipment. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
New York, 1999.
Campbell EJ, Baker MD, Crites-Silver P. Subjective effects of
humidification of oxygen for delivery by nasal cannula: a prospective
study. Chest 1988; 93:289-293.
Servera E, Escarrabill J, Cresencia V. Oxigenoterapia. En: Prevencin y
Rehabilitacin en Patologa Respiratoria. M Gimnez, E Servera, P
Vergara (Editores). Editorial Panamericana. Madrid, 2001
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Services,
Centers for Disease Control. Guideline for prevention of nosocomial
pneumonia and guideline ranking scheme. CDC. Atlanta, 1982.