ELEC 2012

Electromechanical System
Synchronous Motor

Course Instructor: Dr B.Rajkumarsing

Introduction

Introduction
Synchronous motors

Rotates at the same speed

as the rotating field

Rated between 150kW and 15MW

Speed range from 150 to 1800 rpm
Mainly used in heavy industries

Speed remains constant irrespective of load and voltage

Operating Principle
Magnetic Attraction

Rotating Magnetic Field

IB

S
N
IA
A

A
B
C

S
N

C
IC

120 f
ns
P

Operating Principle
S

If

A
B
C

Salient
Pole
Rotor

N
S
A
B
C

If

DC

Operating Principle
Starting of a synchronous motor

If

A
B
C

N
Start as squirrel cage rotor
DC current start at 97% speed
At synchronous speed no voltage induced in rotor

Pull In Torque
Motor runs close to synchronous speed
Rotor excited by DC current
If rotor face poles of opposite polarity on the stator Strong attraction
setup
Mutual attraction lock the rotor and stator poles
Rotor yanked in step with rotating field
Torque which is developed pull-in torque
Resulting N & S of rotor faces N & S of stator
Magnetic Repulsion produce violent shock

How to reverse direction?

The direction of rotation of a synchronous motor is reversed by
interchanging any two of the three line leads feeding the stator winding.
The direction of rotation of the motor does not change if the two

Speed Voltage

Back Emf

Armature
Reaction Voltage

Back Emf
Excitation voltage
or counter Emf

Acts opposite to the

applied voltage

Speed voltage is proportional to field flux and speed of

rotation

E f ns f k f

E f ns

NfIf

Ef = excitation voltage/phase
ns = synchronous speed (r/min)
f = pole flux (Wb)
Nf = number of turns of conductor in field
coil
If = DC field current
= Reluctance of magnetic circuit
kf = constant

kf

Armature Reaction Voltage

Ear nsar kar

Ear = armature reaction voltage
ns = synchronous speed (r/min)
ar = armature reaction flux (Wb)
kar = constant

Neglecting magnetic saturation

armature reaction voltage to armature current

Ear I a jXar

X=ararmature reaction reactance

Ia

Ra

Equivalent Circuit Model

jXa
jXl
If
R To

DC Source

VT

Field
Windings

Ef

VT I a Ra I a jXl I a jX ar E f

VT I a Ra jX S E+Ef
f
Ra = armature resistance/phase
Xl = leakage reactance/phase
Xs = synchronous reactance/phase

X S Xl X ar
XS Ra

No Load Operation
Field and Rotor are locked together
(I

Ef
VT

= 0)
Ef by f
If
Ef
VT

=
Ef
VT

Ef by f
If
Ia

S
N

Ia

VT

Ef

Input current lead/lag input voltage

PF can be adjusted by varying Ef
Synchronous Capacitor

S
N

Under Load Operation

Rotor lag behind by load, torque or mechanical
angle
Magnetic attraction keep rotor locked with
revolving field
Rotor still rotates at ns
Mechanical angle increase as a function of load

Torque increases as the angle is increased

Mechanical load > Pull-out Torque
Rotor poles will pull away from stator poles
Pull-out torque occurs when = -90
Pull-out torque 1.5 to 2.5 full load torque
As increases, Ia increases

Under Load Operation

Back Emf
voltage

peaks

after

source

VTEf
VT

Ia

VTEf
Ef

- power factor
angle
Power factor angle can be controlled by
varying Ef

In Large motors

Equivalent Circuit
VT

Ia jXs
VT

Ef

VT I a jX S E f

Active power
input

VT I a cos

Ia

IajXS

Ef sin

Ef IaXS cos

I a XS cos E f sin
VT E f
XS

sin

Magnet power/phase

Synchronous
Machine power
equation

Three
motor

phase

Power Equation
synchronous

Pin 3 VT I a cos

Pin 3

VT E f
XS

sin

Constant source voltage and frequency

P I a cos

P E f sin

Power Factor angle

Mechanical angle

Torque equations