G.H.

Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur

Department of Information technology and Engineering

(An autonomous Institute under UGC act 1956 & affiliated to Rastrasanta
Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur)

ABHIJEET SHRIVASTAVA-23 [4TH SEM I.T]

SAKSHI KULKARNI-59 [4TH SEM I.T]

A complex set of
electronic components
and their
interconnections that are
imprinted onto a tiny
slice of semiconducting
material. Integrated
Circuits are usually
called ICs or chips.

The first integrated circuit was developed in the 1950s by

Jack Kilby

Synthetic detail of an integrated circuit through four

layers of planarized copper interconnect, down to the
polysilicon (pink), wells (greyish), and substrate(green).

Computers, cellular phones, and other digital appliances

are now inextricable parts of the structure of modern
societies. That is, modern computing , communications,
manufacturing and transport systems, including the
Internet , all depend on the existence of integrated
circuits.

IC's can be soldered directly into printed circuit

boards, or may plug into sockets which have
already been soldered into the board.
When soldering, ensure that the IC (or the socket)
is the correct way round and that no pins have
been bent underneath the body.
When fitting new IC's it is often necessary to bend
the pins in slightly, in order to fit it into the board
(or socket).

Chips are same sizes 4040 mils to 3003000 mils.

1 mils= 0.001 inch
SSI :
It is a Small scale integration, it was made up of 12
gates .(Diode,Transister,resistance).
MSI:
It is A Medium scale integration, it was made up of
12- 100 gates. multiplexers, small memories, arithmetic
circuits here.

LSI :
It is a Large scale integration .it made up of more then
100 logic gates. It have many Memory units and
microprocessors
VLSI:
It is a Very large scale integration. Single chip having
1000-10000 same logic gates .it have more capacity
memory units & microprocessor system.

Integrated circuits can be classified into three types they

are,
(1).Analog.
(2).Digital.
(3).Mixed signal.

Analog ICs, such as sensors, power management

circuits, and operational amplifiers, work by processing
continuous signals. They perform functions like
amplification, active filtering, de modulation, mixing, etc

Digital integrated circuits can contain anything from

one to millions of logic gates, multiplexers(A device
that can interleave two or more activities), and other
circuits in a few square millimeters. The small size of
these circuits allows high speed, low power
dissipation, and reduced manufacturing cost compared
with board-level integration.

ICs can also combine analog and digital circuits on a

single chip to create functions such as Ac/Dc
converters and Dc/Ac converters. Such circuits offer
smaller size and lower cost.

To start, while integrated circuits are smaller and usually

require less power to operate, they are extremely difficult
(if not impossible) to modify or repair.

The IC is also more susceptable to electric damage from

a power surge (A brief strong increase in the
electrical power supplied )than its beefier(heavily built)
component cousins.

IC's have the advantage in weight, size and power

consumption, giving IC's the nod on portability. They are
also less prone to damage from physical jarring(irregular
movements).

A potential disadvantage of integrated circuits is the

cost of replacing an IC that has failed

Another disadvantage of integrated circuits is that

design
corrections
and
incremental
design
improvements are not readily made.

One disadvantage of integrated circuits is that they

can be unsuitable for custom designed equipment,
because high volumes are needed in order to justify
the design and tooling costs.

An application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) is

an integrated circuit customized for a particular use,
rather than intended for general-purpose use.
For example, a chip designed solely to run a cell phone
is an ASIC.

As feature sizes have shrunk and design tools improved

over the years, the maximum complexity (and hence
functionality) possible in an ASIC has grown from
5,000 gates to over 100 million. Modern ASICs often
include memory blocks including ROM, RAM, Flash
and other large building blocks.