Chemistry Project

Redox Titration
Content
 Definition
 Experiment
 Discussion
Definition
Redox reaction
A redox reaction is involving transfer of
electrons.
 Oxidation is a process in which a substance
loses electrons.
 Reduction is a process in which a substance
gains electrons.
 They cannot take place without each other.
Definition
Redox reaction
 An oxidizing agent is a substance that
oxidizes others by accepting electrons.
 A reducing agent is a substance that reduces
others by donating electrons.
Definition

Titration
 Titration is a process of volumetric analysis that
is used to determine the amount of solute in a
solution.
 In simple titration, indicator is used to detect the
equivalence point of reaction.
Definition

Example
 Iodometric titration
 Titration involving oxidation of iron (Ⅲ)
 Titration involving reduction of iron (Ⅱ)

( In some case,indicators need not to add.

e.g. Titration with potassium manganate (Ⅶ)
or potassium dichromate (Ⅵ) )
Experiment of iodimetric titrition

1) Thoery
A standard iodine solution is titrated with a
thiosulphate solution with unknown molarity.
The standardized thiosulphate solution can be
used to titrate another iodine solution of
unknown concentration.
Experiment of iodimetric titrition
2)• Since iodine is volatile, we cannot prepare
standard solution of iodine directly by accurately
weighing a certain amount of iodine solid &
dissolving the iodine in water .

• Moreover , iodine is only very slightly soluble in

water
Experiment of iodimetric titrition

• so a standard solution of iodine is first prepare by

dissolving a known of pure potassium iodate(v)
solid into an acidic medium
(diluted H2SO4)containing excess iodide.

IO3^- (aq) +5I^- (aq) + 6H^+ (aq) ------> 3 I2 (aq) +3H2O (l)
or [IO3^- (aq) +8I^- (aq) + 6H+ (aq) ------> 3 I3^- (aq) + 3H2O (l)]
Experiment of iodimetric titrition
3) 1ST titration
• The standard iodine solution is then used to
titrate with a thiosulphate solution of unknown
concentration .
• Since the colour of iodine in iodide cannot be used
to accurately detect the end point starch is used
as the indicator.
(the change in colour ‘brown->yellow->colourless’ is very
difficult to observe)

Starch + iodine  blue ‘complex’

Experiment of iodimetric titrition
• Since starch irreversibly combines with iodine at
a high concentration of I2(aq), so that the I2 will
not be released from starch at the end point .

• The starch solution should be added at the later

stage of the titration (when the solution just turns
from brown to pale yellow ). After the addition of
starch ,the mixture turns deep blue .

• The end point is shown by the complete

decolourization of the blue colour .
Experiment of iodimetric titrition
4) 2nd titration
• After standardization ,the thiosulphate solution
can be used to titrate another solution of
unknown concentration of iodine.

This method of titration (using iodine as an oxidizing

agent in the titration ) is known as the iodimetric titration
or iodimetry.
Experiment of iodimetric titrition

IO3^- (aq) +5I^- (aq) + 6H^+ (aq) ------> 3 I2 (aq) +3H2O (l) …..(1)
or [IO3^- (aq) +8I^- (aq) + 6H+ (aq) ------> 3 I3^- (aq) + 3H2O (l)]

I2 (aq) + 2S2O3^2- (aq) -------> S4O6^2- (aq) + 2I^- (aq) ……(2)

or [I3^- (aq) +2S2O3^2- (aq) -------> S4O6^2- (aq) +3I^- (aq)]
Experiment of iodimetric titrition

The concentration of thiosulphate solution can be

determined as follow:

no. of moles of I2 = 3 x no. of moles of IO3^-

no. of moles of I2 = 1/2 x no. of moles of S2O3^2-
no. of moles of S2O3^2- = 6 x no. of moles of IO3^-
Determination of iron(Ⅲ)
1) Excess NaI (aq) is added to an oxidizing agent
(e.g. Fe^3+) with unknown molarity.
2) The iodine liberated is then determined by the titration
with standard thiosulphate solution .

2Fe^3+ (aq) + 2I^- (aq) ----> 2Fe^2+ (aq) + I2 (aq)

This method of titration (using iodide as reducing agent

in the titration )is known as the iodometric titration or
iodometery.
Determination of iron (Ⅱ)
1)Standard acidified KMnO4 (aq) is added to
an reducing agent (e.g.Fe^2+)

MnO4^- (aq) +8H^+ (aq) +5Fe^2 (aq) -----> Mn^2+

(aq) +4H2O (l) +5Fe^3+ (aq)

2) An indicator is not required as acidified

potassium permanganate(Ⅶ) itself serves
as an indicator.
Determination of iron (Ⅱ)
3) When manganate (Ⅶ) is added to iron (Ⅱ) in
acidic solution , manganate(Ⅶ) is reduced to
manganate(Ⅱ) while iron (Ⅱ) is oxidized to iron
(Ⅲ).
4) The colour of the reaction mixture at the
equivalence point is yellow (due to the presence
of Fe^3+ (aq) )
5) When an extra drop of acidified potassium
manganate (Ⅶ)and thus become light purple .
Conclusion
 Reducing agent can be determined by
titration with potassium permanganate
 Oxidizing agent can be determined by
titration with sodium iodide
(iodometric titration)
Discussion
Error in the idiometric titration
A standard solution of iodine must be used
immediately because its molarity changes
with time because:
 iodine is volatile =>I2 can escape
from the solution , causing the decrease
of [I2] with time
 iodine can be oxidized by air (promoted by acids, heat &
light )=>[I2]increase with time
Discussion
Error in the titration with KMnO4
 Anaqueous solution of KMnO4 is
unstable .
4MnO4^- + light -------> MnO2 (s) +2 O2 (g) +
MnO2^2- (aq)
 Sothe KMnO4 (aq) should be stored in a
brown bottle & should be standardized
before use.