Spread spectrum signal for

digital communication
Direct Sequence Spread spectrum signal
Sarbjeet Singh

OBJECTIVE
5.1 Concept of Spread Spectrum
Why Spread specturm used for..!
spread spectrum- Family..!
Direct Sequence spread spectrum
Applications DS spread Spectrum

Spread-spectrum
(SS)
communications technology was
first described on paper by an
actress and a musician! In 1941,
Hollywood actress Hedy Lamarr and
pianist George Antheil described a
secure radio link to control torpedos
and
received
U.S.
patent
#2.292.387. It was not taken
seriously at that time by the U.S.
Army and was forgotten until the
1980s, when the came alive, and
has become increasingly popular
for applications that involve radio
links in hostile environments.

This is based on Shannon and Hartley channelcapacity theorem.

C = B Log2 (1+ S/N)
...(1)

C is the channel capacity in bits per second (bps)

B is the required channel bandwidth in Hz
S/N is the signal-to-noise power ratio

C here is which represents the amount of information

allowed by the communication channel, also
represents the desired performance. Bandwidth (B) is
the price to be paid, because frequency is a limited
resource. S/N ratio expresses the environmental
conditions or the physical characteristics (obstacles,
prsence of jam mers, interfrences, etc.).

Modify the above equation (1) by changing the log base from 2
to e (the Napierian number).
C/B = (1/Ln2) Ln(1+S/N) = 1.443 Ln(1+S/N)...(2)

Applying the MacLaurin series development for

Ln(1+x) = x x2/2 + x3/3 x4/4 + ...+ (-1)k+1xk/k
+...:
Therefore
C/B = 1.443 (S/N 1/2 (S/N)2 + 1/3 (S/N)3 - ...)

S/N is usually low for spread-spectrum applications. (As just

mentioned, the signal power density can be even below the
noise level.) Assuming a noise level such that S/N <<1,
Shannon's expression becomes simply:
C/B= 1.433 S/N
Or
N/S B/C

To send error-free information for a given noise-to-signal ratio in

the channel, therefore, we need only perform the fundamental
SS signal-spreading operation: increase the transmitted
bandwidth. That principle seems simple and evident, but its
implementation is complexmainly because spreading the
baseband forces the electronics to act and react accordingly,
making necessary the spreading and despreading operations.

Definition: Spread
Spread
spectrum is an RF communications system in
Spectrum
which the baseband signal bandwidth is intentionally

spread over a larger bandwidth by injecting a higherfrequency signal, which occurs when a key is attached
to the communication channel.
As a direct consequence, energy used in transmitting
the signal is spread over a wider bandwidth, and
appears as noise. The ratio (in dB) between the spread
baseband and the original signal is called processing
gain. Typical SS processing gains run from 10dB to
60dB.
By doing so, signal become less susceptible to
electrical noise and interferes less with other radio
signals.
Spread spectrum provides 11 Mbps capacity links.

SPREAD SPECTRUM
TECHNIQUE

To apply an SS technique,
simply inject the corresponding
SS code somewhere in the
transmitting chain before the
antenna. The effect is to diffuse
the information in a larger
bandwidth. Conversely, you can
remove the SS code) at a point in
the receive chain before data
retrieval. The effect of a de
spreading
operation
is
to
reconstitute the information in
its
original
bandwidth.
Obviously, the same code must
be known in advance at both
ends
of
the
transmission
channel.

Spread spectrum is characterized by:

wide bandwidth
low power

Why Spread Spectrum..?

Advantages:

Resists intentional and non-intentional interference

Has the ability to eliminate or alleviate the effect of multipath
interference
Can share the same frequency band (overlay) with other users
Privacy due to the pseudo random code sequence (code division
multiplexing)

Disadvantages:

Bandwidth inefficient
Implementation is somewhat more complex.

Spread Spectrum Technology - Family

Direct Sequence (DS) - A carrier is
modulated by a digital code sequence in which
bit rate is much higher than the information
signal bandwidth.
Frequency Hopping (FH) - A carrier
frequency is shifted in discrete increments in
a pattern dictated by a code sequence.
Time Hopping (TH) - Bursts of the carrier
signal are initiated at times dictated by a
code sequence.
Hybrid Systems - Use of combination of
the above.

It is combination of data signal and

higher data rate bit sequence of
transmitter-Processing gain/ chipping
code
each bit is represented by multiple bits
using a spreading code
this spreads signal across a wider
frequency band
has performance similar to FHSS

Transmitter end
stage1: consist of binary PSK modulator.
stage2: consist of multiplier/ modulator with data
and PN sequence inputs.
Receiver end
satge1: consist of multiplier with received signal
and local PN sequence.
stage2: consist of demodulator or coherent
detector.

Model for analysis

Model for analysis

Transmitt
er
b(t
)

X
C(t
)

Chann
el
m(t)

m(
t)
Receiv
er

r(t)

X
C(t
)

r(t)

i(t)
z(t)

 b(t) message signal

c(t) - Spreading code
m(t) transmitted signal c(t)b(t) ------------

(1)
r(t) received signal after passing through
channel
i(t) interfering signal
r(t) = m(t) + i(t) ----------------------(2)
z(t) - original signal recovered

z(t) = r(t)c(t) -----------------(3)

 Using equ.(3),we get

z(t) = r(t)c(t) = c(t)[ m(t) + i(t)]

z(t) = c(t) [ c(t) b(t) + i(t)]
z(t) = c2(t) b(t) + c(t) i(t) ----------(4)
Equ.(4) shows that the PN signal c(t)

alternates between the levels -1 and +1

and the alterations is destroyed when
squared , hence ,
c2(t) = 1 for all t

 Thus the equ.(4) becomes

z(t) = b(t) + c(t) i(t) -----------(5)

b(t) is reproduced at the multiplier output

in the receiver , the effect of interference

is present ,which is removed by passing
the signal through low pass filter.

Let data sequence be

modulated signal
and Spreading code

d(t)=

s(t)=
c(t)=

After spreading, transmitted signal

x(t)= s(t)*c(t) =
At Receiver , despread signal becomes
y(t)=x(t)*c(t)
=
=
(modulated signal)

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

Example

Processing Gain
The output signal-to-noise ratio ,(SNR)o =
2Eb/jTc
Input signal-to-noise ratio ,(SNR)I = (Eb/Tb)/j
Eliminating Eb/j between above equations, we
may express the output signal to noise ratio
as
(SNR)o = (2Tb/Tc)(SNR)I

Processing Gain
The spread spectrum scheme increases the
bandwidth of the message signal by a factor
N, called the processing gain.
Processing Gain = PG = Bss/B = (Tb / Tc )
where , B is message signal bandwidth
Bss is spread spectrum signal
bandwidth

Jamming Margin
The average probability of error of PSK is
Pe = (1/2)erfc(Eb/No) -------(1)
In DSSS PSK system the interference may be
treated as wideband noise power spectral
density , (No/2),defined by(No/2) = jTc/2

--------(2)

Signal energy per bit , Eb=P Tb --------(3)

where , P is average signal power & Tb is bit
duration

Jamming Margin
Signal energy bit to-noise spectral density
ratio as
( Eb/No) = (Tb / Tc) (P/j)----------(4)
Reformulating equ.(4),we getj/P = = (Tb / Tc) / ( Eb/No)-----------(5)
j/P = PG / ( Eb/No)-----------(5)
j/P is Jamming margin
(Jamming margin)dB = (PG)dB
10log10( Eb/No)min----(6)

Spread
spectrum
is used for--