Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
System
Piping Fundamentals
Let us first Discuss about WHAT IS PIPE!
It is a Tubular item made of metal, plastic, glass etc.
meant for conveying Liquid, Gas or any thing that
flows.
It is a very important component for any industrial
plant. And its engineering plays a major part in overall
engineering of a Plant.
In next few pages we shall try to familiarize about pipe
and its components.
To solve these
problems we need the
pipe components,
which are called
sa
e
pip es!
e
om t siz
s
en feren
v
E dif
of
PIPE FITTINGS
We need some
branch
connections
re
TERMINAL CONNECTIONS.
STRAINER
JOINT
3) To which point
Pipe sizes are selected, pipe material and pipe wall thickness are selected.
Types of Valves are planned
Also the types of instruments required are planned
We represent the whole thing in a drawing which is called Piping and
Instrumentation Drawing, in short P&ID. For P&ID generation we use SPP&ID
software.
By this time you have already come to know that while we prepare P&IDs in
SPP&ID, we enter all the pipe lines system information in the drawing.
So the SPP&ID drawing is an Intelligent drawing which under its surface carries
all the information about a pipe like, Pipe size, Flowing Fluid, etc.
Let us see a P&ID prepared in SPP&ID
Not Preferable
Preferable
While carrying out pipe routing we also need to consider the following
Valves, strainers, instruments on the pipe should be easily accessible.
If needed separate ACCESS PLATFORMS to be provided to facilitate these.
Desired location and orientation of valves / instruments and other pipe
components are to be checked and maintained, like some valves or strainers
can only be installed in horizontal position.
Specific requirements for instrument installation to be checked, like
temperature gauge can not be installed in pipe which is less than 4 inch in size.
Specific requirements of STRAIGHT LENGTH of pipe for some components to
be maintained, like for flow orifice we need to provide 15 times diameter
straight pipe length at upstream of orifice and 5 times diameter straight at down
stream of orifice.
For Pipeline which shall carry liquid, we have to make sure that all air is
allowed to vent out of the line when the line is filled with liquid.
To achieve this a VENT connection with Valve is provided at the top most point
of the pipeline.
Also arrangement is kept in the
pipeline so that liquid can be
drained out if required.
To achieve this a DRAIN connection
with Valve is provided at the lowest
point of the pipeline
Pipes are also slopped towards low
points.
Let us look
into typical
Vent and
Drain
arrangement
in a pipeline
This is a 3D model
of Feed water line
along with pumps
and other
accessories
INSULATION - When hot or Cold fluid flows through pipe then generally pipe is
insulated Hot or Cold insulation respectively.
There are two primary reasons for insulating the pipe carrying hot fluid.
Containing the heat inside the pipe. Insulation preserves the heat of the fluid. It
is called Hot Insulation
Personnel safety, so that people do not get burn injury by touching hot surface
of pipe. It is called Personnel Protection Insulation
Cold pipes are also insulated
Cold or chilled fluid carrying pipes are insulated to prevent heating of cold fluid
from outside. It is called Cold Insulation.
Some times cold pipes are insulated to prevent condensation of atmospheric
water vapor on pipe surface. It is called Anti-Sweat Insulation.
Other types of Insulation
When gas flows through pipes at high velocity, it creates noise. In such cases
pipes are insulated to reduce noise. It is called Acoustic Insulation.
Some times pipe and its content are heated from outside, by heat tracing
element. In that case pipe along with heat tracing element are insulated to
conserve the heat of the tracer. It is called Heat Tracing Insulation.
Pipe Material Selection - to select appropriate pipe material based on flowing fluid property.
Find out type
of Fluid
flowing
Find out
Fluid Temp.
& Pressure
Check Pipe
life
Expectancy
Select suitable
Material per
practice (Note-1)
Check Mat.
Listed in
Design Code
YES
Pipe
Material
OK
NO
See Note1
Pipe Sizing Calculation - to select required pipe diameter based on velocity and pressure drop.
Find out
Flow volume
per second
Check Velocity
Allowable per
second
Calc. Press.
Drop for that
Pipe size
Pipe
Size
OK
NO
Increase
Pipe Size
Pipe Thickness Selection - to select appropriate pipe thickness based on flowing fluid property.
Select Mat.
& Diameter
as above
Find out
Fluid Temp.
& Pressure
Decide on
Corrosion
allowance
Calc. Pipe
Thickness per
Code
In Power plant there are some piping which carries steam at high pressure and
temperature. And also there are piping which carries water at High pressure.
These pipes carries the main cycle steam and water of the steam power plant.
These pipelines are call the CRITICAL PIPING.
Very special care are taken for design of these piping.
First the pipe material selection for such piping is very important as it has to
withstand the high pressure and may be also high temperature.
As these pipes carry the main system fluid of the power plant, they are given
the right of way, and routed at beginning of the overall plant layout.
Steam pipes run at very high temperature and the hot pipes expand. We have to
built in flexibility in the high temperature pipe routing so that the expansion
force is absorbed within the piping.
Also there should be enough flexibility in these pipe routing so that high loads
are not transferred to the nozzles of Turbine or Pumps
There are many recognized international codes which lay down guide lines and
mandatory requirements for design of such piping.
The most important codes used by power plant piping engineers are
ASME ANSI B31.1- Power Piping Code & IBR - the Indian Boiler Regulation
Tools we use
Outputs
Variable Spring
Rigid Support
Rigid Hanger
Dynamic Support,
Snubber
Rigid Support
SPOOL
An assembly of fittings, flanges and pipe that may be
pre-fabricated.
It does not include:
Bolts
Gaskets
Valves
Instruments
Piping Fabrication
PURPOSE
STAGES OF DRAWINGS
Issued for information
IFI
IFR
IFA
IFC
IFAB
Cutting Plan
Test Packs
As built drawings
.contd
Material Specifications
INFORMATION ON AN OVERALL
PLOT PLAN
Layout of various units/sections of a project
indicating roads and other facilities within the site
It also gives the layout of plant equipment within
various units/section of Plant
It also gives equipment list in various units of the
Project, their elevation
KEY PLAN
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
Shows
Path of flow by single lines
Process equipment shown by simple
figures (rectangle, circle. square etc.)
Process notes included
Diagram is not to scale
but
Relationships between equipment, piping, process is shown
FLOW DIAGRAM
Un scaled drawing
Describing the process
(flow sheet)
State materials to be conveyed
Specify their flow rates and information
like temperature, pressure etc.
ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS
ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS
The purpose of an isometric drawing is to show a
three-dimensional picture in one drawing
It resembles a picture without the artistic details
The isometric drawing combines the floor plan
and the elevation
It clearly shows the details and the relationship of
the pipes in a piping installation
The isometric drawing follows certain rules or
conventions to show three dimensions on a flat
surface
INFORMATION ON AN ISOMETRIC
DRAWING
ISO Number & Revision
Orientation Reference to Project Site (North).
Coordinates of Key Reference Items
Elevation of Piping Sections and their angle with
reference to horizontal (H) and vertical (V).
Pipe Supports No., type, elevation (T.O.S).
Reference to other ISOs and GA drawing.
..contd.
INFORMATION ON AN ISOMETRIC
DRAWING
MTOs
Piping class and line number
Test pressure
Test media
Line to be heat traced or not
P&ID reference
..contd.
INFORMATION ON AN ISOMETRIC
DRAWING
Insulation requirement
In line instruments & valve numbers, size, type
Painting requirement
Weld positions (spool b/d to mark FW&SW)
Welding specifications
Operating & design temperature & pressure
ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS
LINE IDENTIFICATION
EXAMPLE OF AN ISOMETRIC
DRAWING NUMBER
Fluid
Plant/Area
Material
ISO
Specification Number
74 / BZ / 6 / 412 / 23-2 -A
Nominal Pipe Size
Line Number
Spool
Number
PROCESS AND
INSTRUMENT DIAGRAM
(P&ID)
Contd
Interpretation of P&IDs
In order to read a P&ID, one needs an understanding of the
equipment, instrumentation, and technology. The next step in
using a P&ID is to memorize your plants process symbol
list. This information can be found on the process legend.
Process and instrument drawings have a variety of elements,
including flow diagrams, equipment locations, elevation
plans, electrical layouts, loop diagrams, title blocks and
legends, and foundation drawings. The entire P&ID
provides a three-dimensional look at the various operating
units in a plant.
Process Legends
INFORMATION ON P&ID
Process flow direction of flow
Line numbers, Their terminal points including
equipment connections
Identification of Field Instruments
In line instruments/vendor items
Simple Depiction of Control Strategy
Design/Operating parameters
SYMBOLS
For example, when two steel plates are joined together into a T shape,
welding may be done on either side of the stem of the T.
The weld symbol distinguishes between the two sides of a joint by using
the arrow and the spaces above and below the reference line.
The side of the joint to which the arrow points is known as the arrow side,
and its weld is made according to the instructions given below the reference line.
The other side of the joint is known as the other side, and its weld is made
according to the instructions given above the reference line.
The below=arrow and above=other rules apply regardless of the arrow's
direction.