GEOFISIKA

HIDROKARBON

Petroleum Geology:
From Mature Basins to New Frontiers

Proceedings of the 7th PetroleumGeologyConference

Edited by
B.A.Vining and S.C. Pickering

Introduction: Level of Petroleum

Investigation

P u b lish e d b y T h e G e o lo g ica l Studi

S o cie t y
Program
Teknik Geologi
Fakultas Teknologi Kebumian
dan Energi
Universitas Trisakti

Dr. Ir. Eko

Widianto, MT
Semester Ganjil_2014
- 2015

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name
: Dr. Ir. Eko Widianto, MT
Place of Birth: Semarang, 3 September 1955
Marital Status
: Married
Address
: Rancho Indah, Jl. Tanjung 19 / Blok G-21
Tanjung Barat, Jakarta Selatan 12530
Email : ewidianto@trisakti.ac.id
ewidianto@ymail.com
Education

1982 : Bachelor Degree in Geology of UGM

2000 : Magister Degree in Applied Geophysics of ITB
2008 : Doctoral Degree in Applied Geophysics of ITB
Work History
1982 1985 : Pertamina Exploration Division Jakarta
1986 1993 : Pertamina Exploration Department Plaju
1993 1994 : Pertamina BPPKA Jakarta
1994 1997 : Head of Exploration Planning Jakarta
1998 2000 : Exploration Manager JOB Pertamina Greka Energy
2000 2002 : Chief Geophysic Pertamina Upstream
President of Indonesian Association of Geophysicists (HAGI)
2002 2006 : General Manager of JOB Pertamina-ConocoPhillips (Sakakemang)
Ltd.
2006
: Vice President of Pertamina Upstream New Venture Business
Development
2006 2007 : Board of Director of Joint Venture Pertamina Petronas Petro
Vietnam
2006 2008 : Vice President of EP Technology Center
2009 2011 : Senior Geophysicist
2011 now : Lecturer of Geology Engineering of Trisakti Universty
2
Lecturer of Geophysic Engineering of Bandung Institute of Technology

Pendahuluan
Pada kuliah pertama, Dosen wajib
memberitahukan:
a) Rencana Pembelajaran
b)Daftar buku acuan (buku teks / referensi) yang
digunakan
c) Tata tertib Perkuliahan dan Sistem penilaian dan
(serta) pembobotan masing-masing komponen
penilaian yang digunakan
d)Ada atau tidaknya kuis (ujian-ujian kecil)
e) Tata tertib dan peraturan yang berlaku di
Universitas Trisakti
f) Bahaya penyalahgunaan Narkoba dan sanksinya
g)Menunjuk salah seorang mahasiswa peserta mata
kuliah tersebut sebagai ketua kelas.

Ketentuan Pelaksanaan Kuliah, Asistensi

/ Responsi dan Praktikum
Kuliah, Asistensi / Responsi dan Praktikum
harus dilaksanakan tepat waktu sesuai
dengan jadwal.
Mahasiswa diwajibkan hadir mengikuti
Kuliah, Asistensi / Responsi dan Praktikum
sesuai dengan yang tercantum dalam Kartu
Rencana Studi masing-masing. Kehadiran
mahasiswa dicatat dalam daftar hadir
mahasiswa.

Jika Dosen berhalangan,

sehingga kehadirannya tidak sesuai dengan ketentuan
jadwal perkuliahan, maka Dosen tersebut wajib:
a.Memberitahukan ketidakhadirannya kepada Subbag
Perkuliahan dan Ujian di Fakultas atau Sekretariat
Program Studi.
b.Menggantikan kuliahnya pada kesempatan yang lain
atau diisi dengan kegiatan yang sama oleh dosen
pengganti.

Mahasiswa wajib menunggu kehadiran

dosen di kelas dalam waktu 15 menit. Apabila
sesudah 15 menit ternyata dosen belum juga hadir
tanpa pemberitahuan, maka ketua kelas melaporkan
kepada Subbag Perkuliahan dan Ujian di Fakultas atau
Sekretariat Program Studi. Apabila sudah ada kepastian
bahwa dosen pengganti belum (tidak) ada, mahasiswa
dapat meninggalkan ruang kuliah, setelah

Mahasiswa wajib
menunggu kehadiran
dosen di kelas
dalam waktu 15 menit. Apabila sesudah 15
menit ternyata dosen belum juga hadir
tanpa pemberitahuan, maka ketua kelas
melaporkan kepada Subbag Perkuliahan dan
Ujian di Fakultas atau Sekretariat Program
Studi. Apabila sudah ada kepastian bahwa
dosen pengganti belum (tidak) ada,
mahasiswa dapat meninggalkan ruang
kuliah, setelah menandatangani daftar
hadir.

Apabila Dosen melalaikan

kewajiban-kewajiban tersebut di
atas (memberikan kuliah kurang
dari 70% tatap muka terjadwal
dalam satu semester), pimpinan
fakultas/Program Studi dapat
memberikan teguran/peringatan
dan sanksi mulai dari yang
ringan sampai dengan yang
berat (dalam bentuk
pemberhentian).

3. Kehadiran Mahasiswa Dalam Perkuliahan

Mahasiswa diwajibkan hadir minimal 70 % dari jumlah tatap
muka.
Petugas administrasi perkuliahan akan menghitung jumlah
kehadiran tiap mahasiswa yang digunakan sebagai prasyarat
untuk dapat mengikuti Ujian Akhir Semester.
4. Kesetaraan jam perkuliahan dengan bobot sks.
Sesuai dengan ketentuan yang berlaku di Universitas Trisakti,
maka tabel berikut memberi pedoman untuk mengatur jam
masing-masing jenis perkuliahan dalam hubungannya
dengan bobot sks mata kuliah yang bersangkutan dalam satu
semester.

Tabel :
Pedoman Penentuan Bobot
Penilaian
Rentang
Nilai

% Bobot

0 100

5 - 30 %

Ujian Tengah Semester (UTS)

0 100

20 - 40 %

Ujian Akhir Semester (UAS)

0 100

20 - 50 %

Komponen
Terstruktur: Tugas, Kuis, Makalah,
Presentasi dan Partisipasi Aktif di
kelas serta absensi kehadiran kuliah

Absensi

10 %
Jumlah nilai dalam angka

100 %

eterangan :
alam sistem SKS, komponen penilaian harus termasuk didalamnya tugas terstruktur.
ntuk memperoleh nilai akhir maka jumlah nilai angka dikonversi menjadi nilai huruf.

Evaluasi Hasil Belajar

(EHB)
Evaluasi hasil belajar dapat dilaksanakan dengan
berbagai cara ujian dan kegiatan terstruktur
sesuai dengan jenis serta tingkat kompetensi
yang dituntut dalam Kurikulum Operasional (KO).
Macam-macam Evaluasi Hasil Belajar:
a. Ujian terdiri dari:
Ujian
Ujian
Ujian
Ujian

Tengah Semester (UTS)

Akhir Semester (UAS)
Komprehensif
Tugas Akhir

EHB lanjutan
b.

Evaluasi kegiatan terstruktur

Selain ujian-ujian tersebut di atas
terdapat kegiatan-kegiatan terstruktur
lain yang berbentuk:
1). Penulisan karangan ilmiah/ makalah
2). Pekerjaan rumah/ tugas/ kuis
3). Partisipasi aktif dalam kelas
4). Presentasi dan sebagainya

Persyaratan peserta
ujian:
Terdaftar sebagai mahasiswa yang sah
pada program studi
Memenuhi jumlah kehadiran kuliah
minimal 70 % dari jumlah seluruh
perkuliahan atau jumlah tatap muka
Membawa Kartu Peserta Ujian (KPU) /
Kartu Rencana Studi (KRS) yang
berlaku.
Mentaati tata tertib ujian

LECTURE
MATERIALS
Introduction: Level of Petroleum
1
Investigation
2 Geophysics and Reservoir Management
Field Discovery and Delineation
3
Problem
4 Development and Production Problem
5 Reservoir Geophysics Technologies
6 Seismic Attributes and Inversion
7 DHI and Seismic Pitfalls
8 Reservoir Modeling
9 Reservoir Monitoring
10 Emerging Technologies
11 4D Seismic Data: Case History
13

Indonesia
Resources
and
Reserves
7/9/14

14

Indonesia Oil and Gas Situation

1. Oil Production Declining. Oil production in
Indonesia is dominated by onshore mature
fields that are experiencing rapid rates of
decline (5 15%), yet hold significant
remaining reserves.
2. Less new giant field discovery.
3. Some of the current obstacles to brown fields
revitalization in Indonesia.
4. Common blockers include a lack of
appropriate
technology,
poor
process,
conflicting objectives, unacceptable risk, and
economic disincentives.
5. Declining the National Oil R/P.
7/9/14

15

INDONESIA
Oil Production and Consumption

Oil Production

Oil Consumption

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy (201

7/9/14

16

INDONESIA
Gas Production and Consumption

Gas Production

Gas Consumption

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy (2014

7/9/14

17

INDONESIA
Oil and Gas Reserves

Gas Reserve

Oil Reserve

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy (20

7/9/14

18

INDONESIA
R/P Ratio of Oil and Gas

Gas

Oil

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy (201

7/9/14

19

INDONESIA
Contribution of CO2 Emission

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy (2014)

7/9/14

20

Peak Oil
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hubbert_peak_oil_plot.svg

Era of
energy
crisis

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hubbert.jpg

Hubbert (1903-1989)
In 1956, Hubbert predicted that global oil production would
peak around the Year 2000 and trigger an Energy Crisis with
power blackouts and rising costs of energy and fuel
21

Projection of world oil supply and demand up to 2025 (Energyfiles Ltd)

22

Projected World Energy Demand

1993

100

80
80

100 BILLION
BARRELS

Solar, Wind
Geothermal

World Energy Demand

Coal

60
(BBOE/Year)

Decreasing
Fossil Fuels

Natural
Gas

40

Crude Oil

20

1900

Nuclear Electric

1920

1940

1960

1980

2000

2020

2040

New Technologies

Careers in
Oil & Gas
Remain ImportantHydroelectric

2060

2080

3000

after Edwards, AAPG 8/97

23

Resource Scarcity
Note that reserves are defined as the known
amount of a (mineral) resource that can be
profitably recovered. This means that new
technology, concept
innovation,
new
discoveries, higher prices for the resource,
all lead to an expansion in reserves, as we
see in the case of oil.

7/9/14

24

Onset Key Variables

New Discoveries

Competition from Alternative Energie

Recovery Efficiency Un forecasted Events

Reserves In Place Rate of Consumption
Rate of Depletion Environmental Factors
Technologies

Prices
M o d i fi e d f r o m ( S a l e r i , N . G . ,
2008)

7/9/14

25

Current Assumptions

RIP - Resource in Place, Trillion Barrels (includes future discoveries)

RE - Recovery Efficiency
UER - Ultimate Estimate of Recoverable Resource, Trillion Barrels

Saleri, N.G., 2008

26

Peak Oil
Oil Range
Range

Peak Oil Range

Saleri, N.G., 2008

7/9/14

27

Declining Oil
and Gas
Reserves
and
Production

7/9/14

Are still have

possibility to
increase its?
Where, how
much and what
concept and
technology to be
applied

?
28

Level of
Petroleum Investigation

------- Man hours

Development ------

Exploration ------

Geophysics

In the petroleum
industry, petroleum
geology is only one
Production ------ aspect of petroleum
exploration and
Petroleum Engineering
production

Geology

First Well Discovery Production

Drilled
made
begins

------- Time ten of years

Geophysics

Acquisition
of
Concession

Petroleum Geology

Exploration
/
Production

Petroleum Engineering

Transportat
ion

Chemical and
Mechanical
Engineering

Refining

All operation subject to legal, political and economic constraints

Marketing

Sale

(Selley, 1998)

APPLICATION
APPLICATION

GEOLOGY
GEOLOGY

PURE
PURE
SCIENCES
SCIENCES

Petroleum Geology is branch of geology which study

petroleum in the earth from its generation up to exploitation
Physics

Structura
l Geology

Geophysic
al
Exploration
& Logging

Biology

Chemistry

Sedimentolo
gy

Petrograp
hy

Organic
Geochemist
ry

Stratigrap
hy

Paleontolo
gy

Carbonat
Carbonat
es
es

Evaluation of
Sedimentary
Basins

Structural
and
Stratigraphic
trap location

Porosity and
permeability
within
reservoir

Source rocks
and the
generation of
petroleum

The relationship of petroleum geology to the pure science (Selley, 1998)

1st

SEDIMENTARY BASIN

2nd

PETROLEUM SYSTEM

3rd

EXPLORATION PLAY

4th

PROSPECT

ECONOMICS
NOT
IMPORTANT

ECONOMICS
VERY
IMPORTANT

our Levels of Petroleum Investigatio

Magoon and Dow (1994)

 SEDIMENTARY BASIN

1st

4th

PETROLEUM SYSTEM
EXPLORATION PLAY
CONCEPT
PROSPECTS GENERATION

5th

DELINEATION

6th

DEVELOPMENT

7th

PRODUCTION

2nd
3rd

EXPLORATION
PHASE

DEVELOPMENT
AND
PRODUCTION
PHASES

even Levels of Petroleum Investigati

Magoon and Dow (1994)
7/9/14

33

Sedimentary basins, petroleum systems, plays, and prospect

can be view as separate levels of investigation, all of which
are needed to better understand the genesis and habitat of
hydrocarbons.
Sedimentary basin investigations emphasize the stratigraphic
sequence and structural style of sedimentary rocks.
Petroleum system study describe the genetic relationship
between a pod of active source rock and the resulting oil and
gas accumulations.
Investigation of play describe the present-day geologic
similarity of a series of present-day traps.
Study of prospects describe the individual present-day trap

Exploration Play - Lead - Prospect

Play - A particular combination of
reservoir, seal, source and trap
associated with proven hydrocarbon
accumulations
Lead - a structure which may contain
hydrocarbons
Prospect - a lead which has been fully
evaluated and is ready to drill

Factor Comparison
in the Four Levels of Petroleum Investigation
Factor
Investigation

Sedimentary
Basin
Sedimentary
Rock

Economics

Petroleum
System

Play

Prospect

Petroleum

Traps

Trap

None

Essential

Essential

Critical
Moment

Presentday

Presentday

Absolute

Conditiona
l

Conditiona
l

High

Very high

Play

Prospect

None
Geologic
Time

Time of
deposition

Existence
Absolute
Cost

Low
Very Low

Analysis &
Modeling

System
Basin

Magoon and Dow (1994)

If plate tectonics involves all phases of global geology, it follows that it directly
influences petroleum geology. There is no field of petroleum geology that is not
controlled by (or at least connected with) plate tectonic processes, including basin
formation processes, certain sedimentation processes, the type of sediments
present, and the thermal maturation of kerogen-thus, the entire history of oil and gas.
For example: a petroleum geologist will ask "To what degree is a certain area a
prospect for oil?" To arrive at a correct answer, he or she must first answer a number
of individual questions:
1

In what type of basin doesthe arealie?

How old isthe sedimentarysec on?

Are source beds, reservoirs and cap rockspresent?

What is the thermal historyof the basin and the surroundingarea?

Are there hydrocarbon migra on possibili es?

Are there trapsand, if so, of what type and age?

Have hydrocarbons leaked?

What is the possibilityof discoveringoil reserves?

Petroleum System Definition

Geologic components and processes necessary to generate and store hydrocarbons, including a
mature source rock, migration pathway, reservoir rock, trap and seal. Appropriate relative timing of
formation of these elements and the processes of generation, migration and accumulation are
necessary for hydrocarbons to accumulate and be preserved. The components and critical timing
relationships of a petroleum system can be displayed in a chart that shows geologic time along the
horizontal axis and the petroleum system elements along the vertical axis. Exploration plays and
prospects are typically developed in basins or regions in which a complete petroleum system has some
likelihood of existing.

Elements

Processes

Source Rock
Migration Route

Generation
Migration

Reservoir Rock

Seal Rock
Trap

Accumulation
Preservation

Venezuela Well Evaluation Conference, 1997, p. 1-24.

 SEDIMENTARY BASIN

1st

4th

PETROLEUM SYSTEM
EXPLORATION PLAY
CONCEPT
PROSPECTS GENERATION

5th

DELINEATION

6th

DEVELOPMENT

7th

PRODUCTION

2nd
3rd

EXPLORATION
PHASE

DEVELOPMENT
AND
PRODUCTION
PHASES

even Levels of Petroleum Investigati

Magoon and Dow (1994)
7/9/14

40

PETROLEUM SYSTEM IN THE

EXPLORATION EVALUATION PROCESS

Risk

Geological and Petroleum

Generating Processes
Basin
Review

Petroleum
System

Play
Concep
t/
Prospec
t

Engineering

Economic
Analysis

Post
Drill
Review

Optimization

Volumetric
After Schneidermann & Robert M. Otis, IPA 1997

Oil and gas operational phases and Technology

Involvement
Project
Critical subsurface
Technology
phase

information

Involvement

1) Exploration

Proven Petroleum System and Play

Concepts
Resources and Reserves information

Total hydrocarbon volume

Areal limits of petroleum reservoir
Deliverability

2) Delineation

3)
Development

Compartmentalization
Bypass Oil
Exact locations of development wells

Hydrocarbon saturation and pressure

changes
Flow restrictions and channeling

4) Production

7/9/14

Geophysics
Geology Concept
Drilling
Geophysics
Geology Concept
Drilling
Reservoir

Geophysics
Development
Geology
Drilling
Reservoir

Production
Reservoir
Geophysics
42

Oil and Gas Exploration and

Production
Challenges and Opportunities
Re-Mapping of Sedimentary
Basins of Indonesia

How we
can

Define the Petroleum System

and Exploration Play Concepts
of each Sub-Basins of
Indonesia
Define the Oil and Gas
Resources of entire Basins of
Indonesia
Prove the resources to be
reserves, including the areas
where seismic method doesnt
work
Build reservoir model
accurately
Monitor and image the dynamic
properties of reservoir until
field termination
Optimize production and
Improve Recovery Factor
Reduce CO2 Emission

7/9/14

43

What Geophysical Role

increase Oil Resource
serves and Production

Scale
Sub-Surface
Data Scale

Order of magnitude
(meters)
106
105
104
103
102
101
100
10-1

10-2
10-3
10-4
10-5
10-6

Formation Evaluation Technique

Satellite Imagery
Basin Geologic Studies
Seismic, Gravity, Magnetic data
Borehole Gravimeter
Ultra long spacing electic logs
Pressure transient tests
Wireline formation tests
Full diameter cores
Sidewall cores
Conventional well logs (most)
Measurement while drilling
Micro-focused logs
Coreplug analysis
Cuttings analysis
Core analysis
x-ray mineralogy
SEM, XRD,microprobe

Objective
Gross structure

Local structure
Productivity and recovery
Local values of:
Porosity
Permeability
Lithology
saturations

Local hydrocarbon content

Rock properties
Rock & clay typing
Micro-pore structure

CSEG, 2011

best to employ all available technologies from each discipline to minimize the uncertainty.

CSEG, 2011

THANK YOU