ANALYTICAL

CHEMISTRY
(Types of Titrations)
Dr.S.SURESH
Assistant Professor
Email:avitsureshindia@gm
ail.com

Type of Titrations
Classified
based on
involved;

into
type

four
types
of reaction

1.Acid-base titrations
2.Complexometric titrations
3.Redox titrations
4.Precipitation titrations

Types of Titrations
Acid-base titrations, in which an acidic or
basic titrant reacts with an analyte
that is a base or an acid.
Complexometric titrations involving a
metal-ligand complexation reaction.
Precipitation titrations, in which the
analyte and titrant react to form a
precipitate.
Redox titrations, where the titrant is an
oxidizing or reducing agent.

COMPLEXOMETRIC TITRATIONS
Complexometric titrations are based on
the formation of a complex between the
analyte and the titrant. The chelating
agent EDTA is commonly used to titrate
metal ions in solution.
Example : EDTA Titrations

EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) One of

the most common chelating agents used for
complexometric titrations in analytical chemistry.

Estimation of hardness by EDTA method

Disodium salt of Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic acid is a well-known complexing agent.
Calcium (Ca2+) and Magnesium (Mg2+) ions are present in hard water. When EBT is
(Eriochrome Black T) added to hard water EBT forms an unstable wine-red colour
complex with Ca and Mg ions at pH 9-10.
pH = 9-10
M 2+ + EBT
NH4Cl-NH4OH

[M EBT] complex
less stable (wine red)

When EDTA is added into the hard water, the metal ions form a stable metal complex
with EDTA by leaving the indicator. When all the metal ions are taken by EDTA from the
indicator metal ion complex, the wine red colour changes into steel blue, which
indicates the end point.
[M EBT ] + EDTA
(wine red)

pH = 9-10

[M EDTA] complex + EBT

more stable
(Steel blue)
(Colourless)

Precipitation titration
Titrations with precipitating agents
are useful for determining certain
analytes e.g. Cl- can be determined
when titrated with AgNO3
Precipitation Titration - Mohrs method
Direct titration
Basis of endpoint: formation of a coloured
secondary precipitate
Indicator: Potassium chromate (K2CrO4)

Estimation of chloride (by Mohrs

method)
In this method Cl ion solution is directly titrated
against AgNO3 using potassium chromate (K 2CrO4 )
as the indicator.
AgNO3

Cl
(in water)

AgCl
+
NO3
(White precipitate)

At the end point, when all the chloride ions are

removed. The yellow colour of chromate changes
into reddish brown due to the following reaction.

2AgNO3 +
2KNO3

K2CrO4
(yellow)

Ag2CrO4

(Reddish brown)

REDOX TITRATIONS
REDOX TITRATIONS are based on an
oxidation-reduction reaction between the
analyte and titrant. Redox titrations are
carried out by using a potentiometer or a
redox indicator to determine the endpoint.

Estimation of Iron
Principle:
Ferrous Iron is oxidized to Ferric iron by
Potassium Dichromate in acid solution. The
completion of oxidation reaction is marked by
the appearance of Blue violet colour of
Diphenylamine, which is used as an indicator.

Estimation of
Iron

i) Make up given solution up to the mark with distilled water and

shake the flask for uniform concentration.

ii) Rinse the pipette with the ferrous solution and pipette out
20ml into a clean conical flask add 20ml of the acid mixture
(sulphuric acid and phosphoric acid), and four to five drop of
diphenylamine indicator.
iii) Fill the burette with potassium dichromate solution after
rinsing it, with the same solution.
iv) Titrate the solution in the conical flask against the standard
potassium dichromate from the burette till the colour changes to
blue violet.
v) Repeat the titrations for concordant titre values.

Concentration systems

How do we Express Concentrations

of Solutions

Molarity (M) = moles/litre or

mmoles/mL
Normality(N) = equivalence/litre or
meq/mL
Formality(F) = is identical to molarity
Molality(m) = moles/1000g solvent

Concentration systems
The concentration of a solution may be
expressed in
terms of molarity, Molality, formality and
Normality:
a.) Molarity (moles/L, or M):
Most common unit of concentration.
The molarity of a solution is the number
of moles of solute per liter of the
Molarity
solution.(M) =Moles of solute
Literby
of the
solution
It is represented
symbol M.

Molality
The molality is defined as the number of moles of
solute per kg of the solvent.
Moles of solute
Molality (m) =
kg solvent

Molarity and Molality

Molarity
Let us take 1 molar
CaCl2

Molality
Let us take 1 molal
CaCl2

1 mol CaCl2 = 111g

111
1 Liter of solution

1 molar CaCl2 =

111
1 kg of solvent

1 molal CaCl2 =

Formality
Formality (F)

Number of formula weights of solute

=
Liter of solution

Formality, F, is the number of formula

weight units of solute per liter of solution .
The purpose of formality is to distinguish
the number of moles of a compound from
the number of moles of ions in solutions of
ionic compounds or weak electrolytes

Normality
The normality of a solution represents
the number of equivalents of solute
contained in one litre of the solution.
No of gram equivalents
Normality (N) =
Volume of solution in litres
A standard solution containing one gram
equivalent weight in one litre of the
solution is called 1N solution.
If one litre of the solution contains two
gram
equivalent
weights
of
the
substance then it is called 2N solution.

Normality
Normality (N) = No of gram equivalents
Volume of solution in litres
convert gram to milligram equivalents and
express normality in terms of Milligram
equivalents
No of milli gram equivalents
Normality (N) =
Volume of solution in mL

millimoles and milliequivalents

No of moles = Weight in grams

Molecular weight

Weight in mg
No of millimoles =
Molecular weight
weight in grams x valance
No of equivalents =
Molecular weight
Weight in mg x valance
No of milli equivalents =
Molecular weight

Millimoles (problem)
Example: How many millimoles, of calcium chloride (CaCl 2.
2H2O m.w. 147) are represented in 1470 mg of calcium
chloride solution?
Solution:

Given weight of Calcium chloride is 1470 mg

weight in mg
mmol
molecular weight
mmol =

1470
147

= 10 mmol
20

Milliequivalents
Example: How many milliequivalents, of calcium chloride
(CaCl2. 2H2O m.w. 147) are represented in 1470 mg calcium
chloride solution?
Solution:
Given weight of Calcium chloride is 1470 mg
mEq

weight in mg Valence
molecular weight

1470 x 2
147

= 20 meq

21

 Example: How many a) millimoles, b)

milliequivalents, of calcium carbonate (CaCO3
m.w. 100) are represented in 3000 mg calcium
carbonate solution?

Problems based on
molality
What is the molality of a

solution
in which
3.0 M of NaCl is
dissolved in 1.5Kg of water.
Moles of solute
kg solvent

Molality (m) =

= 3.0
1.5
= 2m