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Ch-8
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Contents
Coal
Petroleum
Natural gas
Oil Refineries
Iron ore
Manganese
Bauxite
Limestone
COAL
Significance
Occurrence / Types
Distribution:
Gondwana Coalfields
Tertiary Coalfields
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SIGNIFICANCE
Its by-products naphtha, phenol tar, benzol, ammonia gas and sulphur are immensely
useful.
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OCCURRENCE
It is found in the sedimentary rock stratas of the river valleys. Decomposed vegetative matter
under heat and pressure after millions of years changes to coal.
Types:
Lignite less than 50% carbon content, it is a lower grade brown coal
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DISTRIBUTION
India is the largest producer of coal in South Asia. Coal fields in India are divided into 2
groups:
Gondwana
Tertiary
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GONDWANA
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TERTIARY
JK Riasi
Assam Lakhimpur
Rajasthan Pallu
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PETROLEUM
Significance
Occurrence / Types
Distribution
[ICSE 12-13]
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SIGNIFICANCE
In India, most of the crude oil is imported from the Gulf nations and Malaysia. Hence
many refineries have coastal location.
Petroleum is used for generation of power and is used widely in locomotives, trains,
planes, etc.
The by-products of petroleum kerosene, vaselene, tar, soap, etc. are of immense use.
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OCCURRENCE
Petroleum occurs in association with natural gas and water. It lies in the sedimentary rock
formations like sandstone, limestone or shale. It is believed that petroleum has been derived
from plant and animal life buried millions of years ago.
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DISTRIBUTION
Oil at Mumbai High is taken out with the help of the Sagar Samrat drilling platform.
India is a major producer of petroleum in South Asia and the largest producer among SAARC
nations. Coal fields in India are lie mainly in Assam and Gujarat:
The biggest strike outside Assam and Gujarat was made in 1974 by the ONGC at Mumbai
High, on the continental shelf. Other oilfields in India include Rajasthan, Andaman and
Nicobar Islands, Cambay coast, etc. Other offshore oil fields include Bassein and Aliabet
island.
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NATURAL GAS
Significance
Distribution
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SIGNIFICANCE
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DISTRIBUTION
Gas Authority of India (GAIL) handles the post exploration activities like transportation,
processing, distribution and marketing.
Some of the natural gas producing regions are South Bassein, Mumbai High, Kutch offshore,
etc.
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OIL REFINERIES
Crude oil derived from earth is sent to refineries for refining. Indian Oil Corporation (IOC),
Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL), Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited
(BPCL), etc. are engaged in refining of petroleum. The refineries are located close to the
coast. Among the 17 big refineries, Mangalore refinery is in the joint sector and Reliance
Petroleum in Jamnagar is in the private sector. Public refineries under the public sector
include:
Mathura, Barauli and Haldia under IOCL.
The two at Mumbai are under HPCL and BPCL.
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IRON ORE
Significance
Occurrence / Types
Distribution
[ICSE 12-13]
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SIGNIFICANCE
Iron ore is useful in the production of iron and steel and their multifaceted
products.
It is used in the transport system, railway rolling stock, in construction dams and
bridges.
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OCCURRENCE
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DISTRIBUTION
Kudremukh in Chikmagalur has magnetite deposits which are also meant for export.
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MANGANESE
Significance
Distribution
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SIGNIFICANCE
Indian manganese is in great demand because of its quality. Japan is a major importer
of Indias manganese. Other importers are the USA, UK, Germany, France, Norway,
Belgium.
Manganese is used in the smelting of iron ore and to convert it to rust-proof steel.
Manufacture of insecticides.
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DISTRIBUTION
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BAUXITE
Significance
Distribution
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SIGNIFICANCE
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DISTRIBUTION
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LIMESTONE
Significance
Distribution
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SIGNIFICANCE
It is used in many industries chemicals, iron and steel, fertilizer, paper, soda
ash, etc.
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DISTRIBUTION
Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat are the main producers of limestone. Large
reserves are found in Chhattisgarh:
Chhattisgarh Raigarh, Raipur, Bilaspur
MP Satna, Betul, Jabalpur
Rajasthan Jhunjhunu, Jodhpur, Ajmer
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ICSE 2012-13
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