TRANSPORTATION

MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
MANAGEMENT (TSM)
Package of short term measures to make most productive and
cost effective use of transportation facilities, modes and
services
TSM also consists of
Travel Demand Management (TDM)
Traffic Management

TDM TECHNIQUES
Car pooling and other ride sharing programs
Peripheral parking schemes
Chartered buses
Staggering of work hours and flexible time of work
Internal shuttle service in CBD
Parking restraint
Road pricing
Entry fee
Priority for buses
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SCOPE OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT MEASURES

Control congestion, delay and accidents
Most economic use of streets
Fundamental approch : retain existing pattern of roads but to alter
pattern of traffic movement through them
Aim : to reorient traffic pattern on existing streets to reduce
conflict between vehicles and pedestrians

TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT MEASURES

Restrictions on turning movements
One way streets
Tidal flow operations
Closing side - streets
Exclusive bus lanes

RESTRICTIONS ON TURNING MOVEMENTS

Prohibited right turning movements

Diversion of right turning traffic to an alternative
intersection further along the road where there is more
capacity
Diversion of right turning traffic to left before the junction
Diversion of right turning traffic beyond the junction

Prohibited left turning movements

One way streets

Traffic movement is permitted in one direction only

COMPARISON OF 1-WAY AND 2-WAY

STREETS
Vehicular points
of conflict

2-way 2-lane
streets
0ne 1-way
street and one
2-way street
Two 1-way
streets
Points of conflict Two 2-way
of pedestrians
streets
and vehicle
Two 1-way
streets

16 points of
conflict
7 points of
conflict
4 points of
conflict
24 points of
conflict
12 points of
conflict
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advantages of one way streets

Reduction in points of conflict

Increased capacity
Increased speed
Facilitates the operation of a progressive signal system
Improvement in parking system
Elimination of head-on collision

11

Disadvantages of one way streets

Actual distances covered by the drivers may increase
Relocation of bus stops
Increase in walking distance
Excessive speed may be hazardous to residential areas
Tranquility of area is disrupted
Creates confusion among motorists and pedestrians
Emergency vehicles may be blocked

12

TIDAL FLOW OPERATION

TIDAL FLOW

Morning peak flow is greater

towards CBD
Evening peak flow greater
from CBD
TIDAL FLOW OPERATION
Allot more than half the lanes in
one direction during peak hours

13

CONTD..
PRACTICED AS PER TWO ASSUMPTIONS:
Greater number of lanes in multi lane street to in-bound traffic during morning peak and
to out-bound traffic during evening peak
Existance of two separate streets parallel to each other
FAVOURABLE CONDITIONS FOR OPERATION:
65% or more of traffic moves in one direction during peak
Remaning lanes have lighter flow

Special signing and additional control devices are needed

Stanchions or traffic cones are desirable to separate the opposing traffic

14

CLOSING SIDE STREETS

side streets where traffic is light is closed without adversely
affecting the traffic and yet to reap a number of benefits

15

Advantages of CLOSING SIDE STREETS

Increase in speed and decrease in journey time
Reduction in accidents
Easy to formulation of signal systems
Closed side streets can be used for parking
Closed side streets can be converted to pedestrian precinct
Enhance safety, comfort and convenience of pedestrians

16

disadvantages of CLOSING SIDE STREETS

Increase flow in remaining cross roads
Congestion in main street due to parking in main street itself

17

exclusive bus lanes

In some cities separate lanes are reserved for bus traffic only
Exclusive lane is adjacent to curb for convenience of alighting and
embarking

18

Advantages of exclusive bus lanes

Reduction in journey time
Bus journey is made attractive
Regularity of buses can be improved
Attract passengers to public transportation system

19

TRAFFIC FLOW REGULATION

20

REGULATION OF SPEED
Regulation
Achieve safe and efficient
movement of traffic and pedestrians
Evoke respect by road users
Flexible and keep pace with changing
condition and time
Altered periodically
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Scope of Traffic Regulation

Traffic regulations
Control of vehicle
Control of drivers
Control of road users

In India, regulation based on Motor Vehicle Act 1988

Chapter I. Preliminary
Chapter II. Licencing of drivers of Motor Vehicle
Chapter III. Licencing of Conductors of Stage Carriages
Chapter IV. Registration of Motor Vehicle
Chapter V. Control of Transport Vehicle
22

Contd..
Chapter VI. A. Special Provision relating to
State
Transport Undertakings
Chapter VII. Construction, equipment and
maintenance of Motor vehicles
Chapter VIII. Control of traffic
Chapter IX. Motor Vehicles temporarily leaving
or visiting India
Chapter X. Liability without fault in certain
cases
Chapter XI. Insurance
23

Regulation of Speed
Principles governing speed limits
Speed limits in urban areas
Governed by type and volume of traffic
Pedestrian traffic heavy
Higher chances of accidents
Regulations depending on type of
streets and nature of congestion

24

Speed limits for different types of

vehicles under mixed traffic condition

25

26

Criteria for application of speed

limits of 50, 65, 80 and 100 K.P.H
Speed of traffic
-normally 85

th

percentile speed is selected

Road conditions
-geometry of road, gradient , sight distance, street
lighting, super-elevation, provision for proper signs
and adequate safety measures for pedestrians
Environment of the road
-extend of roadside development, frequency and
nature of access points, presence of schools, playing
fields, industry and housing estates
Traffic
Accident rates
27

Guidelines for selection of Speed Limit

28

29

Speed Zoning
Complete engineering investigations
Study of accident frequency
Number of business establishments on
street
Volume study
Speed study
Observation by police department
Width of street
Pedestrian traffic volume
30

Regulations Concerning
Traffic
Cycles
Cycling while under the influence of alcohol or
drugs shall be considered an offence
Riding of more than one person on a cycle shall
be considered an offence
Wherever separate cycle tracks are provided, the
cyclists shall ride on such tracks compulsorily
Not more than two cycles shall remain abreast
except at separate cycle tracks
31

Contd.
Cyclists shall not use foot-ways
Cyclists shall not be allowed to be towed by
any other vehicle
Where separate cycle tracks are provided,
the cyclists shall keep to the extreme left of
carriageway
All cycles shall be provided with good brakes,
night lamps, a red reflector at the rear and
bells or horns
Cycles shall be parked only at desired places
32

Motor Cycles and Scooters

Motor cycle and scooter riders shall wear
compulsorily crash helmets
All motor cycles and scooters shall be provided with a
rear view mirror
All motor cycles and scooters shall have a screen
provided on the rear wheel to prevent loose garments
getting entangled in the spokes
Not more than one rider and a pillion rider
A rider with a learners license shall not carry a pillion
rider
A footrest shall be compulsorily provided for the
pillion rider
33

Contd.
The load projections on the sides shall be restricted to
0.5m from the longitudinal middle of the motor cycle, on
the front to about 0.6m from the front wheel and on the
rear to about 1.0m from the rear wheel
Rules for Pedestrian Traffic
Pedestrians shall obey the traffic signals and any
violations shall be considered an offence.
Pedestrians shall use the footways wherever they are
provided, the street being used only for crossing
Pedestrians shall cross the streets only at cross-walks
wherever they are provided
Where footways are not provided separately,
pedestrians shall walk on the right hand side of the road
facing traffic
34

Rules for animal vehicles

The animal drawn traffic shall be prohibited
from carrying long pipes, rods, bamboos etc.
more than 5 metres in length
The height, length and width of loads shall
be restricted to safe limits, depending upon
the size of the carriage
The animal drawn traffic shall invariably
keep to the extreme left of the carriageway
having mixed traffic
35

Rules for animals on streets

Driving of animals such as elephants on busy
streets shall be prohibited
Cattle in droves shall not be driven on busy
streets at peak periods of traffic
Cattle in droves shall be accompanied by
sufficient number of attendants to completely
keep them under control
A horse rider shall keep to the extreme left of the
carriageway as far as possible
A horse rider shall not use cycle tracks and
footways
36

REGULATION OF VEHICLES

Introduction
Traffic regulations covers matters vehicles-driversroad users
Regulation of vehicles
Regulation of speed
Regulations concerning the driver
Regulations concerning the Traffic
Parking Regulations
38

Contd
The control of vehicles deals with Registration
Weight
Size
Design
Construction and maintenance

39

Regulation of vehicles

Vehicle Registration
Construction and equipment of vehicles
Size, weight and loads of vehicles
Lighting of vehicles
Inspection of vehicles
Control of transport vehicles
Insurance
40

Vehicle Registration
Provides guidance to administrators,
planners, traffic police, economists and
traffic engineers
Indian scenario : different states bear
different licence plate numbers

41

Practice in India
In case of transport vehicle

In black on a white
background

In case of temporary registrations

In red on a yellow background

In case of registration marks

allotted to dealers

In white on a red background

In case of private vehicles

In black on a white background

In case of taxis

In black on a yellow background

42

Construction and equipment of

vehicles

Width, height, length and overhang

Diameter and condition of tyres
Maximum axle weight
Seating arrangements in public service
vehicles
Brakes and steering gear
Use of safety glass
Signalling appliances, lamps and reflectors
Speed governors

43

Control of transport vehicles

Motor Vehicles Act- frame rules to govern use of
commercial transport vehicles
Rules-grant permit for plying of goods vehicles on
specified routes and regions, having due regard to:
advantages offered by the development of road
transport
Desirability of co-ordinating road and rail transport
44

Contd..
Desirability of preventing the
deterioration of the road system
Desirability of preventing
uneconomic competition among
motor vehicles

45

Insurance
Intended to cover liability in respect
of death or injury to persons or
damage to any property of a third
party arising out of the use of the
vehicle

46

REGULATIONS FOR
PEDESTRIANS

Pedestrian Facilities
Footpath (side walk)
Pedestrian Guard-rails
Pedestrian Crossings
At Grade Crossing
Grade Separated Crossing

General Requirements
Pedestrians should be given utmost
preference while planning
Ensure Continuous, Comfortable and
Safe pedestrian flow
Pedestrian conflicts with vehicular
traffic should be minimized
The regulations for pedestrians are
taken as per IRC 103-2012

Footpath (side walk)

Should be provided on both sides of the road

Separated from the carriageway by a kerb
Minimum width of 1.5 m
Width provided is based on pedestrians per
hour
In shopping area, width is to be increased by
1m
Near buildings and fences, width to be
increased by 0.5 m

Footpath Zones

Capacity of sidewalks
(As per IRC 103-2012)

Width of
side-walk (in
meter)

Capacity in number of persons per

hour
All in one
direction

In both
directions

1.50

1200

800

2.00

2400

1600

2.50

3600

2400

3.00

4800

3200

4.00

6000

4000

Pedestrian Guard-rails
Confines movement of pedestrians to
the footpath
Reduces indiscriminate crossing and
spilling over
Ensure that the pedestrians cross at
predetermined and safe locations
Generally put to use at intersections,
hazardous locations, near schools,
etc.

Pedestrian crossings

Used where complete segregation of

pedestrians from vehicular traffic is not
possible
Form of a planned road sharing principle
Should be provided where they will be well
utilised
Broadly classified into
At-grade crossings
Grade separated crossings

At Grade Crossings or
Crosswalks
It is the most common form in
pedestrian crossings
1. Classified into
At-grade Crossings at Intersections
At-grade Crossings away from
Intersections

2. Classified into
Controlled crossings
Uncontrolled crossings

Zebra Crossing
Clearly specified pedestrian track
across the carriageway
Delineated by alternate black and
white stripes
Most common form of controlled
crossing
Zebra crossing is accompanied with a
STOP line
Pedestrians are given higher priority

Zebra Crossing (Contd..)

Should not be sited within 150 m
vicinity of another
Higher the frequency, lower the
efficiency of traffic operation
Should not increase walking distance
of pedestrians
Width should range between 2.0 m to
4.0 m
Lighting should be provided for night
visibility

Zebra Crossing with pedestrian

refuge

Zebra Crossing at
Intersections

Grade Separated Crossings

Provided for the following conditions
Volume of pedestrians and vehicular
traffic are so high
Where exclusive pedestrian phase
increases the cycle time beyond 120
seconds
Where uninterrupted traffic flow is
required, i.e. for major arterial road or
expressways
Where controlled at-grade crossings fail
to address pedestrian-vehicular conflicts

Types of Grade Separated

crossings
Pedestrian Subways
Foot Over bridges
Selection of facility is based on
Behavioural pattern of pedestrians
Site constraints (maintenance, shifting etc.)
Topography
Cost implications
Environmental and aesthetic aspects

Foot over bridges

A straight bridge across the
carriageway
Usually provided nearer to the
intersections
Provided where land and adequate
funds are available
Cheaper compared to a pedestrian
sub-way
Less acceptable for pedestrians
Adequate vertical clearance is to be

Pedestrian Subways
A path provided beneath the carriageway
Requires less energy for negotiating
compared to foot over bridge
Should be provided with good alignment
Should be straight, convenient and in
direc tion of major pedestrian flow
Abrupt recesses, ramps, stairs and dark
corners should be avoided for safe
movement of pedestrians

Pedestrian sub ways

(contd..)
Dimensions
Minimum width is 2.5 m
Vertical clearance is not less than 2.5 m
(4 to 6 m desirable)

Drainage
Floor is to be cambered with a slope of 1
in 30 towards side channels
Gullies are to be provided to trap water
from ramps or steps

Pedestrian sub ways

(contd..)
Safety
To be kept closed during night hours to avoid misuse
Proper illumination to be provided

Sign markings
For proper pedestrian guidance
Display of destination direction boards
Capacity (as per IRC 70)
50 persons/minute/meter width on level floor or 1 in 20
gradient
35 persons/minute/meter width on steps or ramps over 1
in 20 gradient

REGULATIONS FOR DRIVERS

 REGULATIONS COVERS:
Licensing of the driver
Requirements of physical fitness
Age of drivers
Disqualification and endorsement of licenses

LICENSING OF THE DRIVER

Driving without a valid driving license is an offense
Driving license-legally confers upon the driver the
privilege to drive the vehicle
The third schedule of the Motor Vehicle Act-prescribes the
criteria
Driver should demonstrate the ability in driving the vehicle
and conversant with the general rules and regulations

PHYSICAL FITNESS
Diseases and disabilities are deemed to absolutely
disqualify a person from obtaining a license:
Epilepsy
Lunacy
Heart attack
Inadequate perception
Deafness
Colour blindness
Night blindness

AGE OF DRIVERS
Minimum age to drive a motor vehicle-18 years
Minimum age to drive a transport vehicle-20 years
U.K. minimum age:
CLASS OF VEHICLES

AGE

MOTOR CYCLE OR INVALID CARRIAGE

16

MOTOR CAR

17

TRAILER USED PRIMARILY FOR WORK ON LAND IN

CONNECTION WITH AGRICULTURE

17

HEAVY LOCOMOTIVE,LIGHT LOCOMOTIVE, MOTOR

TRACTOR OR HEAVY MOTOR CAR

21

DISQUALIFICATION AND
ENDORSEMENT OF LICENSE
Habitual drinking and dangerous driving disqualify-from
holding a license
The Regional Transport Authority and the Courts have the
power to disqualify
Such authorities have powers to endorse upon the driving
license and particulars of the disqualification

OFFENCES AND PENLITIES

Not to drive at excessive speed
Avoid careless and dangerous driving
Failure to observe the following safety precautions-offence
Driving under the influence of liquor, drugs or when mentally or
physically unfit
The Motor Vehicle Act of India-different punishments for
different offences