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in Beams
Exposure Condition
IS 456
BS 8110
0.3
0.3
2. Aggressive (mm)
0.1
0.1
3. Cover to steel (c) .(Greater the cover the larger the crack width.
Under normal condition, crack width is said to be 0.004 times the
nominal cover).
X in the steel and hence the tensile
X strain in concrete
4. Stress level
cr
Cmin
MECHANISM OF FLEXURAL
On
gradual loading of a beam, first cracks are formed when the tensile
CRACKING
strain in concrete reaches the limiting value.
We assume that the reinforcement and the concrete are bonded together
and these cracks are formed at a regular spacing which will release the
tensile strength in concrete on both sides of the cracks as shown below:
P
If the spacing is too large, large cracks can occur between them.
Smaller diameter bars at closer spacing is better than larger
diameter further apart.
As a thumb rule cracks in concrete beams are assumed to be in
the form of diamond shape as shown below:A
longitudinal bar,
cmin = minimum cover to the longitudinal bar,
the following assumptions:The concrete and steel are both considered to be fully elastic in
tension and compression.
The elastic modulus of the steel may be taken as 200kN/mm2
and the elastic modulus of concrete is derived from E=5000
fs/Ec
fc
h
As
fs/Es
fs
STRAIN
STRES
S
b(h-x)(a-x)
3ESAS(d-x)
Where
As= area of the reinforcement,
b = width of the section
1= strain at the level considered
a = distance from the compression face to the point at
which the
crack is being calculated,
d = effective depth
QUANTITY(kg/m3)
300
750
165
TEST SPECIMEN
Table shows the details of the test specimens for the study.
In beams deformed high strength steel bars of dia.20mm were
used as longitudinal tension reinforcement and of dia.10mm as
shear reinforcement respectively.
10
20
b=200
d=305
h=350
10 @ 250
TEST SETUP
Bending test on full scale beams in order to investigate the cracking
behaviour of steel concrete flexural members having longitudinal
reinforcement.
A total of 4 beams were cast and tested.
The concrete compressive strength, shear reinforcement and
longitudinal tension reinforcement were kept constant for all beams.
1750
P/2present in
Shear reinforcement was
the areaP/2
between supports and
point load to prevent shear failure.
(Dimensions in mm)
3250
3600
TEST PROCEDURE
The full scale beams are simply supported with 3250mm span
and subjected to a two point load. The distance between the
two loads is 1750mm.
The beams were loaded in 16 increments up to failure. At each
load increment ,the following variables were measured while
the loads were kept constant .
Deflection
The width of the cracks situated between the two point loads
was measured at both sides of the beam at a distance of 2 cm
from the bottom of the beam.
The accuracy of the crack measurement device was 0.02mm.
TEST RESULTS
The given figure shows the crack pattern of the different beams
Questionnaire:
Q. State the various practical applications of a rebar
locator.
Ans:- Acceptance inspection of cover after formwork is removed
Locates rebars that need to be avoided when drilling holes
Provides essential data (location, cover, diameter of rebars) for
strength calculations of reinforced concrete structures
Measuring concrete cover depth
Quality assurance in mass production of prefabricated concrete
elements
0.1
0.1
Distance of the point from the surface of the reinforcing bar acr
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