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Molecules
208 nails
0.150 lbs. 1 doz.
Avogadros number.
7
6.022 10 atoms
1 mole
1 mole
6.022 1023 atoms
8
Given:
Find:
Solution Map:
atoms Ag
mol Ag
1 mol
6.022 1023 atoms
Relationships:
Solution:
1.1 10
22
1 mol
atoms Ag
23
6.022 10 atoms
17
Given:
Find:
Solution Map:
Relationships:
Solution:
2.45 mol Cu
atoms Cu
mol Cu
atoms Cu
6.022 10 23 atoms
1 mol
6.022 10 23 atoms
2.45 mol Cu
1 mol
1.48 10 24 atoms Cu
Check:
19
Weight of 1 mole
Hydrogen
Carbon
12.01 g
Oxygen
16.00 g
Sulfur
32.06 g
Calcium
40.08 g
Chlorine
35.45 g
Copper
63.55 g
1 mole
sulfur
32.06 g
1.008 g
1 mole
carbon
12.01 g
20
Given:
Find:
Solution Map:
57.8 g S
mol S
gS
1 mol S
32.07 g
mol S
Check:
1 mol
57.8 g S
32.07 g
1.80 mol S
Since the given amount is much less than 1 mol S,
the number makes sense.
21
29
Given:
Find:
Solution Map:
0.0265 g C
mol C
gC
1 mol
12.01 g
mol C
1 mol
0.0265 g C
12.01 g
2.2110-3 mol C
Check:
Given:
Find:
Solution Map:
Relationships:
Solution:
16.2 g Al
atoms Al
g Al
1 mol
26.98 g
mol Al
atoms Al
6.022 10 23 atoms
1 mol
23
26.98 g Al
1 mol
3.62 1023 atoms Al
Check: Since the given amount is much less than 1 mol Cu,
the number makes sense.
31
39
Given:
Find:
Solution Map:
Relationships:
Solution:
3.10 g Cu
atoms Cu
g Cu
1 mol
63.55 g
mol Cu
atoms Cu
6.022 10 23 atoms
1 mol
63.55 g Cu
1 mol
2.94 10 22 atoms Cu
Check: Since the given amount is much less than 1 mol Cu,
the number makes sense.
40
41
Given:
Find:
Solution Map:
18.02 g
1 mol H 2 O
g H2O
H 2 1.01 amu
O 1 16.00 amu
H 2O
18.02 amu
18.02 g
1.75 mol H 2 O
1 mol
31.535 g 31.5 g H 2 O
Check: Since the given amount is more than 1 mol, the mass
being > 18 g makes sense.
42
50
Given:
Find:
Solution Map:
1 mol PbO 2
239.2 g
mol PbO2
Check:
Pb
O
PbO 2
1
2
209.2 amu
16.00 amu
239.2 amu
1 mol
50.0 g PbO 2
239.2 g
0.20903 mol 0.209 mol PbO 2
mol NO2
1 mol NO 2
6.022 10 23 molec
Relationships:
Solution:
46.01 g
N
1 molO
g NO2
1 14.01 amu
2 16.00 amu
23
46.01 amu
1 mol NO2 = 46.01 g, 1 mol = 6.022NO
x 10
2
4.78 10 24 molec NO 2
1 mol
46.01 g
365 g NO 2
Check:
60
Given:
Find:
Solution Map:
Relationships:
Solution:
50.0 g PbO2
formula units PbO2
g PbO2
1 mol
239.2 g
mol PbO2
units PbO2
6.022 10 23 molecules
1 mol
1 mol PbO 2
6.022 10 23 units
50.0 g PbO 2
239.2 g PbO 2
1 mol
1.26 10 23 units PbO 2
Check: Since the given amount is much less than 1 mol PbO2,
the number makes sense.
61
1 spider 8 legs.
1 chair 4 legs.
1 H2O molecule 2 H atoms 1 O atom.
62
Moles of constituents
1 mol NaCl
1 mol H2O
2 mol H, 1 mol O
1 mol CaCO3
1 mol C6H12O6
Given:
Find:
Solution Map:
mol CaCO3
3 mol O
1 mol CaCO 3
mol O
3 mol O
1.7 mol CaCO3
1 mol CaCO3
5.1 mol O
Check:
Given:
Find:
Solution Map:
Relationships:
55.4 g C10H14O
gC
g C10H14O
mol C10H14O
mol C
10 mol C
C
1 mol
C
H
H 10 14O
gC
g
10 12.01
12.01
amu
1
mol
14
1.01 amu
O
1 16.00 amu
1 mol C10H14O = 150.2 g, 1 mol C = 12.01 g,
C10 H14O
150.2 amu
1 mol
150.2 g
Solution:
44.3 g C
150.2 g
1 mol C10 H14O 1 mol C
Check:
66
74
Given:
Find:
Solution Map:
Relationships:
6.2 g NaCl
g Na
g NaCl
1 mol
58.44 g
mol NaCl
mol Na
g Na
22.99 g
1 mol Na
Na 11 mol
22.99 amu
1 mol NaCl
Cl g, 1
1 mol NaCl = 58.44 g, 1 mol Na = 22.99
NaCl
1 mol Na : 1 mol NaCl
35.45 amu
58.44 amu
Solution:
2.4 g Na
58.44 g
1 mol NaCl 1 mol Na
Check:
75
By mass.
Can be determined from:
Percentage
whole
100%
76
Given:
Find:
Solution Map:
Relationships:
C2Cl4F2
% Cl by mass
4 molar mass Cl
Mass % Cl
100%
molar mass C 2Cl 4 F2
mass element X in 1 mol
Mass % element X
100%
mass 1 mol of compound
141.8 g/mol
100% 69.58%
203.8 g/mol
CaCl2
Mass % Ca
molar mass Ca
100%
molar mass CaCl 2
2 molar mass Cl
Mass % Cl
100%
molar mass CaCl 2
g Na
g Na
g NaCl
100 g NaCl
100 g NaCl 39 g Na
39 g Na
80
%B
100g
100g
mass A (g)
mass B (g)
MMA
MMB
moles A
moles A
moles B
moles B
81
Hydrogen Peroxide
Molecular formula = H2O2
Empirical formula = HO
Benzene
Molecular formula = C6H6
Empirical formula = CH
Glucose
Molecular formula = C6H12O6
Empirical formula = CH2O
82
83
86
Example:
A laboratory analysis of aspirin determined
the following mass percent composition. Find
the empirical formula.
C = 60.00%
H = 4.48%
O = 35.53%
87
88
Information:
Given:
60.00 g C, 4.48 g
H, 35.53 g O
Find:
89
Information:
Given:
60.00 g C, 4.48 g
H, 35.53 g O
Find: empirical formula, CxHyOz
1 mole C = 12.01 g C
1 mole H = 1.01 g H
1 mole O = 16.00 g O
90
Information:
Given:
60.00 g C, 4.48 g H,
35.53 g O
Find: empirical formula, CxHyOz
Conversion Factors:
1 mol C = 12.01 g; 1 mol H =
1.01 g; 1 mol O = 16.00 g
molCC
mol
ggHH
molHH
mol
ggOO
molOO
mol
pseudopseudoformula
formula
mole
ratio
whole
number
ratio
empirical
empirical
formula
formula
91
Information:
Given:60.00 g C, 4.48 g H, 35.53 g O
Find: empirical formula, CxHyOz
Conversion Factors:
1 mol C = 12.01 g;
1 mol H = 1.01 g; 1 mol O = 16.00 g
Solution Map: g C,H,O mol C,H,O
mol ratio empirical formula
Information:
Given: 4.996 mol C, 4.44 mol H,
2.221 mol O
Find: empirical formula, CxHyOz
Conversion Factors:
1 mol C = 12.01 g;
1 mol H = 1.01 g; 1 mol O = 16.00 g
Solution Map: g C,H,O mol C,H,O
mol ratio empirical formula
Write a pseudoformula.
C4.996H4.44O2.221
93
Information:
Given:C4.996H4.44O2.221
Find: empirical formula, CxHyOz
Conversion Factors:
1 mol C = 12.01 g;
1 mol H = 1.01 g; 1 mol O = 16.00
g
Solution Map: g C,H,O mol C,H,O
mol ratio empirical formula
2.221
2.221
C 2.25 H 2O1
94
Information:
Given:C2.25H2O1
Find: empirical formula, CxHyOz
Conversion Factors:
1 mol C = 12.01 g;
1 mol H = 1.01 g; 1 mol O = 16.00
g
Solution Map: g C,H,O mol C,H,O
mol ratio empirical formula
{ C 2.25 H 2O1 } x 4
C9H8O4
95
96
Example:
A 3.24-g sample of titanium reacts with
oxygen to form 5.40 g of the metal oxide.
What is the formula of the oxide?
97
98
Information:
Given:
3.24 g Ti, 5.40 g
compound
Find:
99
Information:
Given:
3.24 g Ti, 5.40 g
compound
Find: empirical formula, TixOy
1 mole Ti = 47.88 g Ti
1 mole O = 16.00 g O
100
Information:
Given:
3.24 g Ti, 5.40 g
compound
Find: empirical formula, TixOy
Conversion Factors:
1 mol Ti = 47.88g;1 mol O =
16.00g
molTi
Ti
mol
pseudopseudoformula
formula
ggOO
mole
ratio
whole
number
ratio
empirical
empirical
formula
formula
molOO
mol
101
Information:
Given:
3.24 g Ti, 5.40 g
compound
Find: empirical formula, TixOy
Conversion Factors:
1 mol Ti= 47.88g;1 mol O= 16.00g
Solution Map: g Ti,O mol Ti,O
mol ratio empirical formula
102
Information:
Given:
3.24 g Ti, 2.16 g O
Find: empirical formula, TixOy
Conversion Factors:
1 mol Ti= 47.88g;1 mol O= 16.00g
Solution Map: g Ti,O mol Ti,O
mol ratio empirical formula
1 mol Ti
3.24 g Ti
0.0677 mol Ti
47.88 g Ti
1 mol O
2.16 g O
0.135 mol O
16.00 g O
103
Information:
Given:
0.0677 mol Ti, 0.135 mol
O
Find: empirical formula, TixOy
Conversion Factors:
1 mol Ti= 47.88g;1 mol O= 16.00g
Solution Map: g Ti,O mol Ti,O
mol ratio empirical formula
Write a pseudoformula.
Ti0.0677O0.135
104
Information:
Given:
0.0677 mol Ti, 0.135
mol O
Find: empirical formula, TixOy
Conversion Factors:
1 mol Ti= 47.88g;1 mol O= 16.00g
Solution Map: g Ti,O mol Ti,O
mol ratio empirical formula
Ti 0.0677 O 0.135
0.0677
0.0677
Ti1O 2
105
106
molSn
Sn
mol
molFF
mol
pseudopseudoformula
formula
whole
mole number
empirical
ratio ratio empirical
formula
formula
107
1 mol Sn
75.7 g Sn
0.638 mol Sn
118.70 g
1 mol F
24.3 g F
1.28 mol F
19.00 g
Sn0.638F1.28
SnF2
108
109
110
1 mol Fe
72.4 g Fe
1.30 mol Fe
55.85 g
1 mol O
26.7 g O
1.73 mol O
16.00 g
Fe1.30O1.73
1.30
Fe1O1.33 3 Fe3O4
111
Name
Molecular
Formula
Empirical
Formula
Glyceraldehyde
C3H6O3
CH2O
Erythrose
C4H8O4
CH2O
Arabinose
C5H10O5
CH2O
Glucose
C6H12O6
CH2O
112
Name
Molecular
Formula
Empirical
Formula
Molar
Mass, g
Glyceraldehyde
C3H6O3
CH2O
90
Erythrose
C4H8O4
CH2O
120
Arabinose
C5H10O5
CH2O
150
Glucose
C6H12O6
CH2O
180
113
1.
2.
3.
204 g/mol
3
68.11 g/mol
116
4.
117
118
C5 = 5(12.01 g) = 60.05 g
H3 = 3(1.01 g) = 3.03 g
C5H3
=
63.08 g
252 g/mol
n
4
63.08 g/mol
Molecular formula = {C5H3} x 4 = C20H12
119
120
molCC
mol
ggHH
molHH
mol
ggNN
molNN
mol
pseudopseudoformula
formula
whole
mole number
ratio ratio
empirical
empirical
formula
formula
121
1 mol C
C5 = 5(12.01 g) = 60.05 g
74.0 g C
6.16 mol C
12.01 g
N1 = 1(14.01 g) = 14.01 g
1 mol H
H7 = 7(1.01 g) =
7.07 g
8.7 g H
8.6 mol H
1.01 g
C5H7N
=
81.13 g
1 mol N
17.3 g N
1.23 mol N
14.01 g
mol. mass nicotine
162 g
2
C6.16H8.6N1.23
mol. mass emp. form. 81.13 g
1.23
1.23
{C5H7N} x 2 = C10H14N2
122