Drilling Operation

and
Drilling Machines

Drilling
Drilling is a process of making a hole or enlarging

a hole in an object by forcing a rotating tool called

Drill.
The drill is generally called a twist drill, since it has
sharp twisted edges formed around a cylindrical
tool provided with a helical groove along its length
to allow the cut material to escape through it.
The sharp edges of the conical surfaces ground at
lower end of the rotating twist drill cut the
material by peeling it circularly
layer by layer
when forced against a workpiece.
The removed material chips get curled and escape
through the helical grooves provided in the drill.
A liquid coolant is generally used while drilling to
remove the heat of friction and obtain a better
finish for the job done.

Drilling Operation

Drilling Machines
A power operated machine tool which holds
the drill in its spindle rotating at high speeds
and when it move linearly simultaneously
against the workpiece produces a hole is
called a drilling machine.
Drilling machine is one of the simplest,
moderate and accurate machine tool used in
production shop and tool room.
It consists of a spindle which imparts rotary
motion to the drilling tool, or mechanism for
feeding the tool into the work.
It is considered as a single purpose machine
tool since its chief function is to make holes.

Specifications of a Drilling
Machine
A drilling machine is specified as follows:
Size of the drilling machine table.
Largest bit the machine can hold.
Maximum size of the hole that can be
drilled.
Maximum size of the workpiece that can
be held.
Power of the motor, spindle speed or
feed.

Types of Drilling Machines

Portable drilling machine.

Sensitive or bench drilling machine.
Upright drilling machine.
Radial drilling machine.
Gang drilling machine.
Turret machine.
Deep hole drilling machine.
Multiple spindle drilling machine.
Automatic drilling machines.

Portable Drilling Machines

Sensitive or Bench Drilling

Machine

Radial Drilling Machine

Turret Drilling Machine

Gang Drilling Machine

Gun Drilling Machine

Classification of Drills
According to the type of shank :

Parallel shank.
Tapered shank.
According to the type of flutes:
Flat or spade drills ( Parallel longitudinal
flutes).
Twist drills ( Spiral/ Helical flutes).

According to length:
Short series drills.
Stub series drills.
Long series drills.

Classification of Drills
According to Applications:

Core drills.
Drills for long hole drilling.
Centre drills.
Masonry drills.

According to the tool material:

High speed steel drills.
Carbide tipped drills

Drilling Machine Tools

Flat drill.
Straight drill.
Twist drill.
Taper shank core drill.
Oil tube drill.
Centre drill.
Reamer.
Centre punch.
Drift.
Hammer.

Twist Drill Nomenclature

Body:
The body is the portion of the drill which extends
from its extreme point upto the neck or shank of
the drill.It consists of body clearance, chisel edge,
face, flank, flutes, heel, land or margin, point, lip
and web.
Body Clearance: It is the portion of the body
surface with reduced diameter which provides
diametrical clearance.
Face : It is the portion of the flute adjacent to the
lip on which chip flows as it is cut from the
workpiece.
Flank : It is the conical surface of a drill point
which extends behind the lip to the following flute

Elements of a twist drill

Drilling Machines

Drilling Machines

Drilling Machines

Twist Drill Nomenclature

Flutes : These are helical grooves cut on the
cylindrical surface of the drill and provide the
lip. They serve the following purpose: Ensure easy escape and flow of chips.
Cause the chips to curl and provide passage for
the flow.
Form the lips and cutting edges on the point.
Allow the cutting fluids to reach the cutting
edges thus reducing their friction.
Heel : It is the edge formed by the intersection
of flute surface and the body clearance.
Land : It is the cylindrical ground narrow strip
on the leading edges of drill flutes. It keeps the
drill aligned. It is also known as Margin.

Twist Drill Nomenclature

Point : It is the cone shaped sharpened end of the drill
that produces lips, faces, flanks and chisel edge of the
drill.
Lips : The lips, also known as Cutting edges, are the
edges formed by the intersection of flanks and faces.
They are two in number with identical length and
angle.
Web : It is the thickness of the drill between the flutes
which extends from point towards the shank. The
point end of the web forms the chisel edge.
Shank :
The shank is the cylindrical portion of the drill which
is used to hold and drive the drill. It extends from the
neck and it may be either straight or tapered.
Tang : It is the flat end of the taper shanks which fits
into socket or drill holder. It ensures positive drive of
the drill from the drill spindle.

Advantages of twist drills

For the same size and depth of the hole they
need less power in comparison to other forms
of drills.
Cutting edges are retained in good condition
for a fairly long time, thus avoiding the
frequent regrinding of the drill.
The chips and cuttings of the metal are
automatically driven out of the hole through
the flute.
Heavier feeds and speeds can be employed
quite safely, resulting in a continuous saving
of time.

Drilling Machine Operations

In addition to drilling, the following operations are
carried out on a drilling machine :
Reaming.
Boring.
Counter boring.
Counter sinking.
Spot facing.
Tapping.
Trepanning.

Drilling Machine Operations

Reaming: It is the operation of finishing an existing
hole very smoothly and accurately in size. A reamer is a
multi tooth cutter which rotates and moves linearly
into an already existing hole.
Boring : It is an operation of enlarging an existing hole.
Counter-boring : An operation of enlarging a drilled
hole partially that is for a specified length.
Counter-sinking : It is an operation of forming a conical
shape at the end of a drilled hole.
Spot facing : It is the operation of smoothing and
squaring the surface around a hole for the seat of a nut
or the head of a screw.
Tapping : An operation in which external threads are
cut in the existing hole.
Trepanning : It is the operation of producing a hole by
removing the metal along the circumference of a
hollow cutting tool.

Reaming

Hand Reamer

Machine Reamer

Boring

Counterboring

Countersinking

Spot Facing

Tapping

Trepanning