6-1 CSE: Networking Fundamentals-WAN Basics © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc

CSE: Networking FundamentalsWAN Basics
www.cisco.com
2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
6-1
WAN Basics
www.cisco.com
What Is a WAN?
A network that serves users across a broad
geographic area
Often uses transmission devices provided by public
carriers (Pacific Bell, AT&T, etc.)
This service is commonly referred to as plain old
telephone service (POTS)
WANs function at the lower three layers of the OSI
reference model
Physical layer, data link layer, and network layer
www.cisco.com
6-3
WAN Overview
Service
Provider
WANs connect sites

Connection requirements vary depending on
user requirements and cost
www.cisco.com
6-4
What is a WAN?
A WAN is a data communications network that covers a relatively broad geographic

area and often uses transmission facilities provided by common carriers, such as
telephone companies. WAN technologies function at the lower three layers of the OSI
reference model: the physical layer, the data link layer, and the network layer.
www.cisco.com
6-5
WAN connection types
Point-to-Point Links or Leased Lines

Circuit Switching
Packet Switching
www.cisco.com
6-6
Point-to-Point Links or Leased

Lines
A point-to-point link is also known as a leased line because its

established path is permanent and fixed for each remote network reached
through the carrier facilities. It uses synchronous serial lines upto 45
Mbps
www.cisco.com
6-7
Leased Line
One connection per physical interface

Bandwidth: 56 kbps1.544 Mbps
Cost effective at 46 hours daily usage
Dedicated connections with predictable
throughput
Permanent
Cost varies by distance
www.cisco.com
6-8
Circuit Switching
Modem
WAN
Modem
Dedicated physical circuit established, maintained,

and terminated through a carrier network for each
communication session
Datagram and data stream transmissions
Operates like a normal telephone call
Example: ISDN
www.cisco.com
6-9
Circuit Switching
Sets up line like a phone call. No

data can transfer before the endto-end connection is established.
Uses dial-up modems and ISDN. It
is used for low-bandwidth data
transfers.
www.cisco.com
6-10
POTS Using Modem Dialup

Modem
Corporate Network
Telecommuters
Mobile
Users
Basic
Telephone
Service
Server
Modem
Access Router
Widely available
Easy to set up
Dial on demand
Asynchronous transmission
Low cost, usage-based
Lower bandwidth access requirements
www.cisco.com
6-11
Integrated Services Digital

Network (ISDN)
LAN
Server
ISDN
Telecommuter/AfterHours, Work-at-Home
BRI
2B+D
BRI/PRI
23B+D
30B+D (Europe)
Company Network
High bandwidth
Up to 128 Kbps per basic rate interface
Dial on demand
Multiple channels
Fast connection time
Monthly rate plus cost-effective,
usage-based billing
Strictly digital
www.cisco.com
6-12
Packet Switching
Multiplexing
Modem
Demultiplexing
WAN
Modem
Network devices share a point-to-point link to

transport packets from a source to a destination
across a carrier network
Statistical multiplexing is used to enable devices to
share these circuits
Examples: ATM, Frame Relay, X.25
www.cisco.com
6-13
Packet Switching
WAN switching method that allows you to share
bandwidth with other companies to save money.
Think of packet switching networks as a party
line. As long as you are not constantly transmitting data and are instead using bursty data
transfers, packet switching can save you a lot of
money. However, if you have constant data
transfers,then you will need to get a leased line.
Frame Relay and X.25 are packet-switching
technologies. Speeds can range from 56Kbps to
2.048Mbps.
www.cisco.com
6-14
Frame Relay
Permanent, not dialup
Multiple connections per
physical interface
(permanent virtual circuits)
Efficient handling of
bursty (peak performance
period) data
Guaranteed bandwidth
(typical speeds are
56/64 Kbps, 256 Kbps,
and 1.544 Mbps)
committed information
rate (CIR)
Cost varies greatly by region
Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC)
www.cisco.com
6-15
X.25
DTE
DTE
DCE
X.25
DCE
Very robust protocol for low-quality lines

Packet-switched
Bandwidth: 9.6 kbps64 kbps
Well-established technology;
large installed base
Worldwide availability
www.cisco.com
6-16
Asynchronous Transfer Mode

(ATM)
Technology capable of transferring voice, video, and
data through private and public networks
Uses VLSI technology to segment data, at high
Data
Header
speeds, into units called cells
5 bytes of header information
48 bytes of payload
53 bytes total
48
Cells contain identifiers that specify the data stream

to which they belong
Primarily used in enterprise backbones or WAN links
www.cisco.com
6-17
Cabling the WAN

Legend
FastEthernet/
Ethernet
ISDN
Dedicated
ISL
core_sw_b
core_sw_b
core_sw_a
Leased Line/
Frame Relay
ISDN Cloud
Core_
Server
www.cisco.com
6-18
WAN Physical Layer

Implementations
Physical layer implementations vary
Frame
Relay
PPP
HDLC
Cable specifications define speed of link
EIA/TIA-232
EIA/TIA-449
X.21 V.24 V.35
HSSI
ISDN BRI (with PPP)

RJ-45
NOTE: Pinouts are
different than RJ-45
used in campus
www.cisco.com
6-19
Differentiating Between
WAN Serial Connectors
Router connections
End user
device
DTE
CSU/
DSU
DCE
Service
provider
EIA/TIA-232
EIA/TIA-449
V.35
X.21
EIA-530
Network connections at the CSU/DSU
www.cisco.com
6-20
Serial Implementation of
DTE versus DCE
Data Terminal Equipment
Data Communications Equipment
End of the users device

on the WAN link
End of the WAN providers

side of the communication facility
DCE is responsible for clocking
DCE
DTE
S
DTE
DCE
Modem
CSU/DSU
S
S
S
S
www.cisco.com
DCE
DTE
6-21
WAN Terminating Equipment

Physical Cable Types
Router
To Corporate
Network
WAN Provider
(Carrier) Network
EIA/TIA-232
V.35
X.21
HSSI
Modem
Usually on the
Customers
Premises
DTE
Data Terminal Equipment

The Customers
Equipment
DCE
Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment

The Service Providers
Equipment
www.cisco.com
6-22
Serial Transmission
WAN Serial connectors use serial
transmission
Serial transmission uses one bit at time
over a single channel.
Parallel transmission can use 8 bits at a
time, but all WANs use serial
transmission.
Cisco Routers use a proprietary 60 pin serial
connector.
Connector at the other end of the cable
will depend on your service provider or
end device requirements.
www.cisco.com
6-23
LAN/WAN Devices
www.cisco.com
LAN/WAN Devices
Hubs
Bridges
Switches
Routers
www.cisco.com
6-25
Hub
Device that serves as the center of a
star topology network, sometimes
referred to as a multiport repeater,
no forwarding intelligence
www.cisco.com
6-26
Hubs
123
126
124
127
Hub
125
Data
Data
128
Amplifies signals
Propagates signals through the network
Does not filter data packets based on destination
No path determination or switching
Used as network concentration point
www.cisco.com
6-27
Hubs Operate at Physical

layer
Physical
All devices in the same collision domain

All devices in the same broadcast domain
Devices share the same bandwidth
www.cisco.com
6-28
Hubs: One Collision Domain

More end stations means
more collisions
CSMA/CD is used
www.cisco.com
6-29
Bridge
Device that connects and passes
packets between two network
segments.
More intelligent than hubanalyzes
incoming packets and forwards (or
filters) them based on addressing
information.
www.cisco.com
6-30
Bridge Example
123
126
Bridge
124
127
Hub
Hub
125
Segment 1
128
Corporate Intranet
Segment 2
More intelligent than a hubcan analyze incoming packets

and forward (or filter) them based on addressing information
Collects and passes packets between two network segments
Maintains address tables
www.cisco.com
6-31
Switches
Use bridging technology to
forward traffic between ports.
Provide full dedicated data transmission
rate between two stations that are
directly connected to the switch ports.
Build and maintain address
tables called content-addressable
memory (CAM).
www.cisco.com
6-32
SwitchingDedicated Media
Workstation
10-Mbps
UTP Cable
Dedicated
31
Switch
32
35
100 Mbps
33
34
100 Mbps
36
Corporate Intranet
Uses bridging technology to forward traffic (i.e.

maintains address tables, and can filter)
Provides full dedicated transmission rate between
stations that are connected to switch ports
Used in both local-area and in wide-area networking
All types availableEthernet, Token Ring, ATM
www.cisco.com
6-33
Switches and Bridges Operate

at Data Link Layer
Data Link
OR
Each segment has its own collision domain

All segments are in the same broadcast domain
www.cisco.com
6-34
Switches
Switch
Memory
Each segment has its

own collision domain
Broadcasts are
forwarded to all
segments
www.cisco.com
6-35
Routers
Interconnect
Interconnect LANs
LANs and
and WANs
WANs
Provide
Provide path
path determination
determination
using
using metrics
metrics
Forward
Forward packets
packets from
from one
one
network
network to
to another
another
Control
Control broadcasts
broadcasts to
to the
the
network
network
www.cisco.com
6-36
Network Layer Functions (cont.)

1.1
1.2
1.0
4.0
1.3
E0
2.1
2.2
S0
S0
4.3
E0
4.1
4.2
Routing Table
NET INT Metric
1
S0
1
2
S0
0
4
E0
0
Routing Table
NET INT Metric
1
E0
0
2
S0
0
4
S0
1
Logical addressing allows for hierarchical network

Configuration required
Uses configured information to identify paths to networks
www.cisco.com
6-37
Routers: Operate at the

Network Layer
Broadcast control
Multicast control
Optimal path
determination
Traffic management
Logical addressing
Connects to WAN
services
www.cisco.com
6-38
Using Routers to Provide

Remote Access
Modem or ISDN TA
Telecommuter
Mobile User
Branch Office
Main Office
Internet
www.cisco.com
6-39
Network Device Domains

Hub
Bridge
Switch
Router
Collision Domains:
1
4
Broadcast Domains:
1
1
www.cisco.com
6-40
www.cisco.com
2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
6-41

6-1 CSE: Networking Fundamentals-WAN Basics © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc

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Доступные форматы

CSE: Networking FundamentalsWAN Basics

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

CSE: Networking FundamentalsWAN Basics

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

WANs connect sites

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

A WAN is a data communications network that covers a relatively broad geographic

CSE: Networking FundamentalsWAN Basics

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

WAN connection types

Point-to-Point Links or Leased Lines

CSE: Networking FundamentalsWAN Basics

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Point-to-Point Links or Leased

A point-to-point link is also known as a leased line because its

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

One connection per physical interface

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Dedicated physical circuit established, maintained,

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Sets up line like a phone call. No

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

POTS Using Modem Dialup

CSE: Networking FundamentalsWAN Basics

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Integrated Services Digital

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Network devices share a point-to-point link to

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

CSE: Networking FundamentalsWAN Basics

Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC)

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Very robust protocol for low-quality lines

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Asynchronous Transfer Mode

Cells contain identifiers that specify the data stream

CSE: Networking FundamentalsWAN Basics

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Cabling the WAN

CSE: Networking FundamentalsWAN Basics

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

WAN Physical Layer

Cable specifications define speed of link

CSE: Networking FundamentalsWAN Basics

ISDN BRI (with PPP)

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Network connections at the CSU/DSU

CSE: Networking FundamentalsWAN Basics

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Data Communications Equipment

End of the users device

End of the WAN providers

CSE: Networking FundamentalsWAN Basics

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

WAN Terminating Equipment

Data Terminal Equipment

Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.